{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T00:45:59Z","timestamp":1782953159911,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]],"date-time":"2024-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000133","name":"Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HS024057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HS024057"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000133","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Auxiliary of NorthShore University HealthSystem (now Endeavor Health)","award":["R01HS024057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HS024057"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objective: Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) demonstrate a complex genetic landscape for migraine risk. Migraine polygenic risk scores (PRSs) developed from GWAS data may have utility for predicting disease course. We analyzed the strength of association between an integrative migraine PRS and age at onset and chronification. Methods: In this retrospective clinical\/genetic case\u2013control study, PGS004799 was calculated for adults with European ancestry from two real-world community cohorts. In the DodoNA cohort, 1653 treated, deeply phenotyped migraine cases, diagnosed using International Classification of Headache Disorders 3rd edition criteria, were followed for a mean (range) of 2.3 (1\u201310) years and compared to 3460 controls (without migraine diagnosis). In the GHI cohort, 2443 cases were identified using the first migraine ICD code as a proxy for migraine onset and compared to 8576 controls (without migraine ICD codes). PRS associations with age at onset (DodoNA) or first migraine ICD code (GHI) and chronification (DodoNA) were evaluated. Results: In both cohorts, PRS was higher in cases (DodoNA mean (range) cases: 0.82 (0.07\u20131.76), controls: 0.78 (0.04\u20131.56); t (5111) = \u22126.1, p = 1.4 \u00d7 10\u22129, GHI: cases: 0.79 (0.003\u20131.68), controls: 0.75 (\u22120.06\u20131.53); t (11,017) = \u22127.69, p = 1.6 \u00d7 10\u221214), and a higher PRS was associated with earlier onset in females (HR [95% CI] DodoNA: 2.1 [1.6\u20132.6, p &lt; 0.001; GHI: 1.8 [1.4\u20132.1], p &lt; 0.001) and in males (DodoNA: 2.5 [1.3\u20134.7], p = 0.005; GHI: 1.6 [1.1\u20132.6], p = 0.027). PRS was not different in cases with or without chronification (t (1651) = \u22121.67, p = 0.094) and was not associated with earlier chronification (1.2 [0.8\u20131.6], p = 0.424). Conclusions: Higher genetic risk was associated with earlier onset and increased risk of migraine well into adulthood, but not with chronification. This suggests that the PRS quantifies genetic susceptibility that is distinct from factors influencing disease course.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13216483","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]],"date-time":"2024-10-29T06:29:57Z","timestamp":1730183397000},"page":"6483","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["An Integrative Migraine Polygenic Risk Score Is Associated with Age at Onset But Not Chronification"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5491-7242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruce A.","family":"Chase","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Information Technology, Endeavor Health, Skokie, IL 60077, USA"},{"name":"Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Frigerio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA"},{"name":"Research Institute, Endeavor Health, Evanston, IL 60201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Rubin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Endeavor Health, Evanston, IL 60201, USA"},{"name":"University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiffani","family":"Franada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Endeavor Health, Evanston, IL 60201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Semenov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Endeavor Health, Evanston, IL 60201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5207-6758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven","family":"Meyers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Endeavor Health, Evanston, IL 60201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stuart","family":"Bergman-Bock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Endeavor Health, Evanston, IL 60201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Mark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Endeavor Health, Evanston, IL 60201, USA"},{"name":"University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Freedom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Endeavor Health, Evanston, IL 60201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Revital","family":"Marcus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Endeavor Health, Evanston, IL 60201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rima","family":"Dafer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Endeavor Health, Evanston, IL 60201, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Individualized Medicine, Endeavor Health, Evanston, IL 60201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siqun L.","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Individualized Medicine, Endeavor Health, Evanston, IL 60201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianfeng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Individualized Medicine, Endeavor Health, Evanston, IL 60201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0042-1358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashley J.","family":"Mulford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genomic Health Initiative, Endeavor Health, Evanston, IL 60201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan R.","family":"Sanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genomic Health Initiative, Endeavor Health, Evanston, IL 60201, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Endeavor Health, Evanston, IL 60201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Epshteyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Information Technology, Endeavor Health, Skokie, IL 60077, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Demetrius","family":"Maraganore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Endeavor Health, Evanston, IL 60201, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3973-5437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katerina","family":"Markopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Endeavor Health, Evanston, IL 60201, USA"},{"name":"University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-023-01659-1","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Epidemiology of Migraine and Tension-Type Headache in Youths and Young Adults Aged 15\u201339 Years from 1990 to 2019: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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