{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T21:51:17Z","timestamp":1784843477780,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]],"date-time":"2024-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The biological products used in orthopedics include musculoskeletal allografts\u2014such as bones, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage\u2014as well as biological therapies. Musculoskeletal allografts support the body\u2019s healing process by utilizing preserved and sterilized donor tissue. These allografts are becoming increasingly common in surgical practice, allowing patients to avoid more invasive procedures and the risks associated with donor site morbidity. Bone grafting is one of the most frequently used procedures in orthopedics and traumatology. Biologic approaches aim to improve clinical outcomes by enhancing the body\u2019s natural healing capacity and reducing inflammation. They serve as an alternative to surgical interventions. While preliminary results from animal studies and small-scale clinical trials have been promising, the field of biologics still lacks robust clinical evidence supporting their efficacy. Biological therapies include PRP (platelet-rich plasma), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)\/stromal cells\/progenitor cells, bone marrow stem\/stromal cells (BMSCs), adipose stem\/stromal cells\/progenitor cells (ASCs), cord blood (CB), and extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes. The proper preservation and storage of these cellular therapies are essential for future use. Preservation techniques include cryopreservation, vitrification, lyophilization, and the use of cryoprotective agents (CPAs). The most commonly used CPA is DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide). The highest success rates and post-thaw viability have been achieved by preserving PRP with a rate-controlled freezer using 6% DMSO and storing other cellular treatments using a rate-controlled freezer with 5% or 10% DMSO as the CPA. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have shown the best results when lyophilized with 50 mM or 4% trehalose to prevent aggregation and stored at room temperature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13216577","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]],"date-time":"2024-11-01T11:53:43Z","timestamp":1730462023000},"page":"6577","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Orthobiologic Products: Preservation Options for Orthopedic Research and Clinical Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1703-6969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William H.","family":"Fang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Valley Health Systems, 620 Shadow Lane, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"C. Thomas","family":"Vangsness","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3550","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546517735844","article-title":"Intra-articular mesenchymal stem cell therapy for the human joint: A systematic review","volume":"46","author":"McIntyre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sallent, I., Capella-Monson\u00eds, H., Procter, P., Bozo, I.Y., Deev, R.V., Zubov, D., Vasyliev, R., Perale, G., Pertici, G., and Baker, J. (2020). The few who made it: Commercially and clinically successful innovative bone grafts. Front. Bioeng. 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