{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T03:00:37Z","timestamp":1771210837874,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]],"date-time":"2024-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease with limited effective treatments, prompting the need for investigation of novel therapeutic approaches. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) have demonstrated potential anti-inflammatory properties, but their combined effects on UC have not been thoroughly investigated. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the combined administration of EPA and GLA on clinical and histopathologic features of experimental UC models. Methods: Thirty-six male Wistar rats were randomized in three groups (DSS group, Ensure Plus group, and Oxepa group), with twelve rats in each group. Experimental colitis was induced by administrating dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) 8%. The DSS group received tap water, the Ensure Plus group was given a high caloric diet, and the Oxepa group received a special diet containing high levels of EPA and GLA. Disease activity index (DAI) and microscopic activity index (MAI) were measured. Inflammatory markers were calculated both in blood and large intestine, liver, spleen, and lung tissue samples. Neutrophil and macrophage populations were assessed with immunohistochemistry. Results: No significant differences in the DAI index were found between the groups, but the MAI revealed statistically significant differences (p &lt; 0.001). While no significant differences were observed in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1) levels, interleukin-17 (IL-17) levels in the large intestine showed statistically significant differences (p = 0.05), with the Ensure Plus and Oxepa groups displaying lower levels compared to the DSS group (p = 0.021 and p = 0.043, respectively). Significant differences in neutrophil infiltration were found in both the large intestine (p &lt; 0.001) and lungs (p = 0.002), with the Oxepa group showing fewer cells. Similarly, significant differences in macrophage infiltration were observed in the large intestine (p = 0.038) and spleen (p &lt; 0.001), with the Oxepa group having lower macrophage counts. Conclusions: In conclusion, the combination of EPA and GLA demonstrates local anti-inflammatory effects and improves the histopathological outcomes in UC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13226661","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]],"date-time":"2024-11-06T06:27:39Z","timestamp":1730874459000},"page":"6661","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Combined Administration of Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) and Gamma-Linolenic Acid (GLA) in Experimentally Induced Colitis: An Experimental Study in Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0861-8783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Orestis","family":"Ioannidis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"4th Department of Surgery, General Hospital \u201cGeorge Papanikolaou\u201d, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57010 Exochi, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angeliki","family":"Cheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Varnalidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4th Department of Surgery, General Hospital \u201cGeorge Papanikolaou\u201d, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57010 Exochi, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Koutelidakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Department of Surgery, G.Gennimatas General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54635 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vasileios","family":"Papaziogas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Department of Surgery, G.Gennimatas General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54635 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4324-5051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Christidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4th Department of Surgery, General Hospital \u201cGeorge Papanikolaou\u201d, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57010 Exochi, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5650-7319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elissavet","family":"Anestiadou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4th Department of Surgery, General Hospital \u201cGeorge Papanikolaou\u201d, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57010 Exochi, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5295-0946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Aggelopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4th Department of Surgery, General Hospital \u201cGeorge Papanikolaou\u201d, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57010 Exochi, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Mantzoros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4th Department of Surgery, General Hospital \u201cGeorge Papanikolaou\u201d, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57010 Exochi, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manousos George","family":"Pramateftakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4th Department of Surgery, General Hospital \u201cGeorge Papanikolaou\u201d, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57010 Exochi, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Efstathios","family":"Kotidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4th Department of Surgery, General Hospital \u201cGeorge Papanikolaou\u201d, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57010 Exochi, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Driagka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4th Department of Surgery, General Hospital \u201cGeorge Papanikolaou\u201d, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57010 Exochi, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stamatios","family":"Aggelopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4th Department of Surgery, General Hospital \u201cGeorge Papanikolaou\u201d, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57010 Exochi, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4713-3911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evangelos J.","family":"Giamarellos-Bourboulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4th Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, \u201cAttikon\u201d Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2019.02.004","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review and Update on Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"65","author":"Gajendran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dis. 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