{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:33:55Z","timestamp":1760146435885,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]],"date-time":"2024-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ludwig Boltzmann Gesellschaft"},{"name":"Municipal Departments of Health and Environment of Vienna"},{"name":"Federal State Governmental Department of Health of Lower Austria"},{"name":"Astra Zeneca"},{"name":"Chiesi Farmaceutici"},{"name":"GlaxoSmithKline"},{"name":"Menarini Pharma"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: In patients with airflow obstruction, the levels of biomarkers of Type-2 (T2) inflammation serve to predict the effectiveness of inhaled corticosteroid and biological therapies. Elevated biomarkers of T2 inflammation, including fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO, \u226520 ppb) and blood eosinophil counts (BEC, \u2265300 cells\/\u00b5L), were investigated in a population-based cohort of the Austrian LEAD study. Methods: A total of 4976 individuals (aged 18\u201382 years) were categorised into four groups based on their FeNO and BEC levels: normal with FeNO &lt; 20 ppb and BEC &lt; 300 cells\/\u00b5L (n = 2634); FeNO \u2265 20 ppb only (n = 1623); BEC \u2265 300 cells\/\u00b5L only (n = 340); and FeNO \u2265 20 ppb and BEC \u2265 300 cells\/\u00b5L (n = 379). Results: In age- and sex-adjusted regression models, individuals with elevated BEC only were most associated with chronic cough and sputum production (odds ratios [95% CI]: 1.22 [0.78, 1.84] and 1.37 [1.13, 2.62], respectively), whilst individuals with both elevated T2 biomarkers were most associated with wheezing, dyspnoea and asthma (odds ratios [95% CI]: 2.27 [1.56, 3.26], 1.32 [0.64, 2.50] and 3.63 [2.69, 4.88] respectively). Elevated levels of both FeNO and BEC presented an additive effect in extrapulmonary conditions, particularly in allergy, eczema and rhino conjunctivitis (odds ratios [95% CI]: 2.30 [1.84, 2.88], 1.37 [1.03, 1.81] and 2.95 [2.34, 3.70], respectively). Conclusions: T2 inflammation marked by elevated levels of FeNO and\/or BEC is not only associated with respiratory conditions but also extends to extrapulmonary characteristics, with an additive effect.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13226662","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]],"date-time":"2024-11-06T06:27:39Z","timestamp":1730874459000},"page":"6662","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Type-2 Inflammation in Health and Disease: Prevalence, Risk Factors and Multimorbidity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9398-9629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charmaine J. M.","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Health, 1140 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Sigmund Freud Private University, 1020 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1583-5783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Gross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Health, 1140 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Sigmund Freud Private University, 1020 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marie-Kathrin","family":"Breyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Health, 1140 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Pulmonary Diseases, Clinic Penzing, Vienna Healthcare Group, 1140 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robab","family":"Breyer-Kohansal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Health, 1140 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Pulmonary Diseases, Clinic Hietzing, Vienna Healthcare Group, 1130 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emiel F. M.","family":"Wouters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Health, 1140 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Sigmund Freud Private University, 1020 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sylvia","family":"Hartl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Health, 1140 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Sigmund Freud Private University, 1020 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2021.04.025","article-title":"Eosinophils in Health and Disease: A State-of-the-Art Review","volume":"96","author":"Wechsler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. 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