{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T14:50:23Z","timestamp":1787496623195,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":153,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]],"date-time":"2024-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, primarily developing in the context of chronic liver disease. Traditional prevention has focused on liver-specific interventions like antiviral therapies and surveillance. However, extrahepatic factors also significantly contribute to HCC risk. This review explores comprehensive strategies for HCC prevention, including both hepatic and extrahepatic factors. Methods: An extensive literature search of peer-reviewed articles up to October 2024 was conducted, focusing on studies addressing HCC prevention strategies. Studies that focused on both hepatic and extrahepatic factors were included. Data were extracted and synthesized to provide an overview of current prevention strategies and their effectiveness in reducing HCC incidence. Results: Hepatitis B vaccination and antiviral treatments for hepatitis B and C significantly reduce HCC incidence. Lifestyle modifications\u2014such as reducing alcohol consumption, maintaining a healthy weight through diet and exercise, and smoking cessation\u2014are crucial in lowering HCC risk. Environmental measures to limit exposure to aflatoxins and other hazards also contribute to prevention. Regular surveillance of high-risk groups enables early detection and improves survival rates. Emerging strategies like immunotherapy and gene therapy show potential for further reducing HCC risk. Conclusions: A comprehensive approach combining medical interventions, lifestyle changes, and environmental controls is essential for effectively decreasing HCC incidence globally. Implementing these combined measures could significantly reduce the global burden of HCC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13226770","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]],"date-time":"2024-11-11T11:34:11Z","timestamp":1731324851000},"page":"6770","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Beyond the Liver: A Comprehensive Review of Strategies to Prevent Hepatocellular Carcinoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3162-8912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natchaya","family":"Polpichai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Weiss Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL 60640, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sakditad","family":"Saowapa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pojsakorn","family":"Danpanichkul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu-Yen","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Weiss Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL 60640, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7148-5450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leandro","family":"Sierra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Blagoie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Weiss Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL 60640, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1282-781X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chitchai","family":"Rattananukrom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Srinagarind Hospital, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0007-8214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pimsiri","family":"Sripongpun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4058-5977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Apichat","family":"Kaewdech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, E.Y., Danpanichkul, P., Yong, J.N., Yu, Z., Tan, D.J.H., Lim, W.H., Koh, B., Lim, R.Y.Z., Tham, E.K.J., and Mitra, K. 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