{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:35:15Z","timestamp":1760146515483,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]],"date-time":"2024-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: To compare intraocular lens (IOL) position and refractive outcomes between eyes that underwent sole phacoemulsification with those that underwent combined 25-gauge phacovitrectomy with a plate-haptic toric IOL implantation. Methods: This retrospective study included 60 eyes of 60 patients. Of these, 30 eyes underwent 25-gauge phacovitrectomy, while the other 30 eyes received phacoemulsification alone. In both groups, a plate-haptic toric intraocular lens (AT Torbi 709M, Carl Zeiss Meditec AG) was implanted. The main outcome measures were the refractive outcome, the refraction prediction error (PE), the difference in the postoperative anatomical lens position (ALP) change, and rotational stability. Results: The mean spherical equivalent decreased considerably from \u22122 \u00b1 4.4 diopters (D) to \u22120.6 \u00b1 1.4 D after phacovitrectomy (p = 0.05) and \u22120.7 D \u00b1 5.5 D to \u22120.1 \u00b1 1.1 D after phacoemulsification (p = 0.5). The prediction error (PE) was comparable between the two groups for all formulas (Haigis-T: p = 0.8, Barrett TK Toric: p = 0.8, Z CALC: p = 0.7). No significant difference in absolute ALP change and postoperative rotational stability was observed between the phacovitrectomy and phacoemulsification group (1.4 mm vs. 1.4 mm, p = 0.96; 2.9\u00b0 vs. 2.1\u00b0, p = 0.5). Conclusions: The implantation of plate-haptic toric IOLs in the combined phacovitrectomy group resulted in refraction and IOL positioning outcomes comparable to those in the phacoemulsification-only group.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13226861","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]],"date-time":"2024-11-14T09:14:31Z","timestamp":1731575671000},"page":"6861","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparison of Refractive Outcomes After Phacoemulsification and Combined 25-Gauge Phacovitrectomy with Implantation of Plate-Haptic Toric Intraocular Lenses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Lara","family":"Buhl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Langer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Franziska","family":"Kruse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9908-5205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niklas","family":"Mohr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Kreutzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Mayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0707-9551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Kassumeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5580-612X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siegfried","family":"Priglinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-020-04877-4","article-title":"Combined phaco-vitrectomy provides lower costs and greater area under the curve vision gains than sequential vitrectomy and phacoemulsification","volume":"259","author":"Port","year":"2021","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2016.04.030","article-title":"Accuracy of user-adjusted axial length measurements with optical biometry in eyes having combined phacovitrectomy for macular-off rhegmatogenous retinal detachment","volume":"42","author":"Rahman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cataract. Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2007.05.031","article-title":"Accuracy of intraocular lens power estimation in eyes having phacovitrectomy for macular holes","volume":"33","author":"Patel","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Cataract. Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.3109\/02713683.2011.632107","article-title":"Effects of the intraocular lens type on refractive error following phacovitrectomy with gas tamponade","volume":"36","author":"Hwang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2009.01752.x","article-title":"Improving intraocular lens power prediction in combined phacoemulsification and vitrectomy in eyes with macular oedema","volume":"89","author":"Sun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2006.09.017","article-title":"Factors influencing refractive outcomes after combined phacoemulsification and pars plana vitrectomy: Results of a prospective study","volume":"33","author":"Jeoung","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Cataract. Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.10.021","article-title":"Effect of Gas Tamponade on the Intraocular Lens Position and Refractive Error after Phacovitrectomy: A Swept-Source Anterior Segment OCT Analysis","volume":"127","author":"Shiraki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.5301\/ejo.5000732","article-title":"Comparison of refractive error in phacovitrectomy for epiretinal membrane using ultrasound and partial coherence interferometry","volume":"26","author":"Kang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2008.06.021","article-title":"Accuracy of preoperative biometry in vitrectomy combined with cataract surgery for patients with epiretinal membranes and macular holes: Results of a prospective controlled clinical trial","volume":"34","author":"Benesch","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Cataract. Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2016.03.034","article-title":"Refractive outcomes after phacovitrectomy surgery","volume":"42","author":"Siemerink","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cataract. Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2006.097766","article-title":"Investigation of the stability of one-piece acrylic intraocular lenses in cataract surgery and in combined vitrectomy surgery","volume":"90","author":"Iwase","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2013.02.020","article-title":"Toric intraocular lenses: Historical overview, patient selection, IOL calculation, surgical techniques, clinical outcomes, and complications","volume":"39","author":"Visser","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cataract. Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000440","article-title":"Stability of the acrysof toric intraocular lens in combined cataract surgery and transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy","volume":"35","author":"Toussaint","year":"2015","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2012.11.029","article-title":"Combined 25-gauge vitrectomy and cataract surgery with toric intraocular lens with idiopathic epiretinal membrane","volume":"39","author":"Nakano","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cataract. Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.18240\/ijo.2023.08.07","article-title":"Rotational stability of plate haptic toric intraocular lenses after combined 25-gauge vitrectomy and cataract surgery","volume":"16","author":"Buhl","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1097\/j.jcrs.0000000000001165","article-title":"Statistics of prediction error for non-Gaussian dependent and independent datasets","volume":"49","author":"Holladay","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cataract. Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-023-06175-1","article-title":"Predicting the postoperative intraocular lens position based on IOL Master 700 biometry, compared with results from the anterior segment analysis system","volume":"262","author":"Chang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/S0886-3350(13)80617-7","article-title":"A new method of analyzing vectors for changes in astigmatism","volume":"19","author":"Alpins","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Cataract. Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2008.09.020","article-title":"Optical biometry in combined phacovitrectomy","volume":"35","author":"Manvikar","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cataract. Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0886-3350(97)80319-7","article-title":"Change in postoperative refractive error when vitrectomy is added to intraocular lens implantation","volume":"23","author":"Shioya","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Cataract. Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2013.04.012","article-title":"Refractive changes after vitrectomy and phacovitrectomy for macular hole and epiretinal membrane","volume":"39","author":"Hamoudi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cataract. Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1644","article-title":"Postoperative refractive error in combined operation of vitrectomy and intraocular lens implantation","volume":"43","author":"Kim","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Korean Ophthalmol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"1813","article-title":"Postoperative refractive error after vitrectomy in macular hole patients","volume":"44","author":"Choi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Korean Ophthalmol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/S0886-3350(03)00556-X","article-title":"Effect of optic edge design and haptic angulation on postoperative intraocular lens position change","volume":"30","author":"Petternel","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Cataract. Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1159\/000203366","article-title":"Risk factors of iris posterior synechia formation after phacovitrectomy with three-piece acrylic IOL or single-piece acrylic IOL","volume":"223","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, M., Lazo, M.Z., Kang, M., Lee, J., and Joo, C.K. (2018). Effect of number and position of intraocular lens haptics on anterior capsule contraction: A randomized, prospective trial. BMC Ophthalmol., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-018-0742-1"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, Z., Wang, G., Zhen, M., and Zhao, Z. (2021). Stability of Intraocular Lens with Different Haptic Design: A Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography Study. Front. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.705873"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2008.57","article-title":"Surgically induced astigmatism in phacoemulsification, pars plana vitrectomy, and combined phacoemulsification and vitrectomy: A comparative study","volume":"23","author":"Yuen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000002153","article-title":"Differences in refractive outcomes between phacoemulsification for cataract alone and combined phacoemulsification and vitrectomy for epiretinal membrane","volume":"39","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.3341\/kjo.2014.28.2.130","article-title":"Comparison of surgically-induced astigmatism after combined phacoemulsification and 23-gauge vitrectomy: 2.2-mm vs. 2.75-mm cataract surgery","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Korean J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12998","article-title":"Comparison of 1.8-mm incision versus 2.75-mm incision cataract surgery in combined phacoemulsification and 23-gauge vitrectomy","volume":"94","author":"Czajka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/22\/6861\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:32:24Z","timestamp":1760113944000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/22\/6861"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm13226861"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13226861","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2077-0383"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]]}}}