{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T02:21:33Z","timestamp":1787797293114,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]],"date-time":"2024-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008781","name":"Pomeranian Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WNoZ-324\/S\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WNoZ-324\/S\/2024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with complex pathogenesis and variable severity. Performed studies have indicated the impact of vitamin D3 deficiency on the pathogenesis of psoriasis and its severity. However, there is no clear evidence of the influence of the mucosal microbiome on the onset and progression of psoriasis. This review aims to present the current evidence on the role of vitamin D3 and colonization of the oral mucosa by Candida yeast-like fungi in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Candida albicans is a common yeast that can colonize the skin and mucosal surfaces, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems or compromised skin barriers. In psoriasis, the skin\u2019s barrier function is disrupted, potentially making patients more susceptible to fungal infections such as Candida. Since patients with psoriasis are at increased risk of metabolic syndrome, they may experience the vicious circle effect in which chronic inflammation leads to obesity. Vitamin D3 deficiency is also associated with microbiological imbalance, which may promote excessive growth of Candida fungi. Under normal conditions, the intestinal and oral microflora support the immune system. Vitamin D3 deficiency, however, leads to disruption of this balance, which allows Candida to overgrow and develop infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13226874","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]],"date-time":"2024-11-15T05:33:04Z","timestamp":1731648784000},"page":"6874","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Role of Vitamin D3 Deficiency and Colonization of the Oral Mucosa by Candida Yeast-like Fungi in the Pathomechanism of Psoriasis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mariola","family":"Marchlewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-010 Police, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulina","family":"Sagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-010 Police, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0861-0738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Grabowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Kiedrowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-010 Police, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Kruk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physical Culture and Health, University of Szczecin, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1655-5065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamil","family":"Gill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5914-2121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Piasecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Duchnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aesthetic Dermatology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"626","article-title":"Psoriasis","volume":"87","author":"Weigle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. 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