{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:50:50Z","timestamp":1787028650409,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,16]],"date-time":"2024-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009045","name":"Jagiellonian University Medical College","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N41\/DBS\/001247"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N41\/DBS\/001247"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009045","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009045","name":"Jagiellonian University Medical College","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N41\/DBS\/001408"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N41\/DBS\/001408"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009045","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009045","name":"Jagiellonian University Medical College","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N41\/DBS\/001247"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N41\/DBS\/001247"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009045","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009045","name":"Jagiellonian University Medical College","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N41\/DBS\/001408"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N41\/DBS\/001408"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009045","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Depression is a known factor in poor cardiovascular outcomes but is often underassessed in cardiac units. This study evaluates the impact of depression on cardiovascular outcomes in patients undergoing cardiac interventions. Methods: The study included 133 patients who underwent uncomplicated procedures for degenerative aortic valve stenosis (n = 40), acute coronary syndrome (n = 29), or chronic coronary artery disease (n = 64). Depression was assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D). The primary endpoint was a major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular event (MACCE). Patients were followed up for 12 months. Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to identify MACCE risk factors. Results: Depression was more frequently screened by HAM-D than BDI (42.9% vs. 30.8%, p &lt; 0.001). During follow-up, 26 (19.5%) MACCEs occurred. In univariate analysis, risk factors included BDI score \u2265 11, HAM-D score \u2265 8, diabetes on insulin, anticoagulant use, atrial fibrillation, and serum creatinine level \u2265 130 \u00b5mol\/L. Depression in the BDI increased the risk of the MACCE 3.6-fold (95%CI: 1.64\u20138.0, p = 0.001), whereas in the HAM-D, it increased the risk 4.9-fold (95%CI: 1.97\u201312.24, p &lt; 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed HAM-D score \u2265 8 as the strongest predictor of MACCE (HR: 3.08, 95%CI: 1.18\u20138.08). Conclusions: Depression is a common finding in cardiovascular patients, and it is a strong risk factor for one-year cardiovascular mortality and adverse event risk. Therefore, we believe that common guidelines should be elaborated between relevant psychiatry and cardiology scientific societies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13226911","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T09:30:25Z","timestamp":1732008625000},"page":"6911","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Depression in Cardiac Patients Is a Major Cardiovascular Event Risk Factor: A 12-Month Observational Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9169-3428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub","family":"Podolec","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interventional Cardiology, Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-007 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Interventional Cardiology, The St. John Paul II Hospital, 31-202 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8591-8739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Kleczy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interventional Cardiology, Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-007 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Interventional Cardiology, The St. John Paul II Hospital, 31-202 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4067-2229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Piechocki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-007 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, The St. John Paul II Hospital, 31-202 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"},{"name":"Doctorial School of Medical and Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-007 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Okarski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interventional Cardiology, The St. John Paul II Hospital, 31-202 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Lizo\u0144czyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Students\u2019 Scientific Group of Modern Cardiac Therapy, Department of Interventional Cardiology, Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-007 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kornelia","family":"Szkodo\u0144","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Students\u2019 Scientific Group of Modern Cardiac Therapy, Department of Interventional Cardiology, Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-007 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7048-8094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"Silczuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Psychiatry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tadeusz","family":"Przew\u0142ocki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interventional Cardiology, The St. John Paul II Hospital, 31-202 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-007 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2945-3674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacek","family":"Legutko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interventional Cardiology, Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-007 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Interventional Cardiology, The St. John Paul II Hospital, 31-202 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8006-7840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Kab\u0142ak-Ziembicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-007 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"},{"name":"Noninvasive Cardiovascular Laboratory, The St. John Paul II Hospital, Pr\u0105dnicka 80, 31-202 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"148256","article-title":"Assessing Depression in Cardiac Patients: What Measures Should Be 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