{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T12:17:10Z","timestamp":1770725830964,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]],"date-time":"2024-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Evidence of the association between the gut microbiome and cardiovascular diseases has accumulated. An imbalance or dysbiosis of this system has been shown to play a role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular events, including aortic diseases. We aimed to elucidate the findings of the gut microbial taxonomy associated with aortic diseases and their subtypes. Furthermore, we sought to investigate whether gut microbiome dysbiosis can be used as a biomarker for aortic disease detection and to identify which species can be disease-specific. Methods: A systematic search was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines for original research papers on gut microbiome composition in patients with aortic disease, using patients without aortic disease as the control (i.e., healthy controls). The databases PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, and Web of Science were used by employing the medical subject headings (MeSH) terms \u201caortic diseases\u201d, \u201cmicrobiome\u201d,\u201d microbiota\u201d, and \u201dtaxa\u201d before August 2024. We extracted the study characteristics, study population, and gut microbiome in aortic disease, including microbiota taxa diversity and abundance, regardless of taxa level. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Quality Assessment Tool was used to assess study quality. Data were synthesized narratively to address the heterogeneity of the studies. Results: In this review, twelve studies that have identified gut microbial species and their potential impact on aortic disease pathogenesis were included. The studies showed the phyla dominance of Bacillota, Pseudomonadota, Actinomycetota, Bacteroidota, and Euryarchaeota in aortic disease patients. We also included the taxa sequencing methods and those used to extract the microorganisms. Aortic diseases were categorized into Takayasu\u2019s arteritis, giant cell arteritis, aortic aneurysm, and aortic dissection. Aortic disease patients had a higher rate of dysbiosis when compared to the healthy control groups, with significantly different microbiome composition. Conclusions: Patients with aortic disease exhibit a distinct difference between their gut microbiota composition and that of the healthy controls, which suggests a potential biomarker role of gut dysbiosis. Further exploration of the microbiome and its metagenome interface can help identify its role in aortic disease pathogenesis in depth, generating future therapeutic options. However, a unified methodology is required to identify potential microbial biomarkers in cardiovascular and cardiometabolic diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13226938","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T10:44:37Z","timestamp":1732013077000},"page":"6938","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Gut Microbial Taxonomy and Its Role as a Biomarker in Aortic Diseases: A Systematic Review and Future Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6762-7742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dina","family":"Neiroukh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Cardiology, School of Medicine, University of Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland"},{"name":"CORRIB-CURAM-Vascular Group, University of Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aida","family":"Hajdarpasic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Sarajevo Medical School, University Sarajevo School of Science and Technology, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0369-5147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cagri","family":"Ayhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Cardiology, School of Medicine, University of Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland"},{"name":"CORRIB-CURAM-Vascular Group, University of Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8767-4929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sherif","family":"Sultan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CORRIB-CURAM-Vascular Group, University of Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland"},{"name":"Western Vascular Institute, Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University Hospital Galway, University of Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland"},{"name":"Department of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Surgery, Galway Clinic, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Galway Affiliated Hospital, H91 HHT0 Galway, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0758-3539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Osama","family":"Soliman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Cardiology, School of Medicine, University of Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland"},{"name":"CORRIB-CURAM-Vascular Group, University of Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland"},{"name":"Euro Heart Foundation, 3071 Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-020-00472-6","article-title":"Epidemiology and management of aortic disease: Aortic aneurysms and acute aortic syndromes","volume":"18","author":"Bossone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"e223","article-title":"2022 ACC\/AHA Guideline for the diagnosis and management of aortic disease: A report of the American Heart Association\/American College of Cardiology Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"80","author":"Members","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.10.006","article-title":"Biomarkers of aortic diseases","volume":"165","author":"Suzuki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1177\/1526602819879941","article-title":"Commentary: Biochemical Markers for Diagnosis and Follow-up of Aortic Diseases: An Endless Search for the Holy Grail","volume":"26","author":"Sangiorgi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Endovasc. Ther."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4185","article-title":"Signals from the gut microbiota to distant organs in physiology and disease","volume":"22","author":"Schroeder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H923","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00376.2019","article-title":"The gut microbiome and cardiovascular disease: Current knowledge and clinical potential","volume":"317","author":"Ahmad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.\u2014Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12155","article-title":"Heart failure is associated with depletion of core intestinal microbiota","volume":"4","author":"Luedde","year":"2017","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00900-1","article-title":"The gut microbiome in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease","volume":"8","author":"Jie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (2024, July 25). Study Quality Assessment Tools, Available online: https:\/\/www.nhlbi.nih.gov\/health-topics\/study-quality-assessment-tools."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"baaa062","DOI":"10.1093\/database\/baaa062","article-title":"NCBI Taxonomy: A Comprehensive Update on Curation, Resources and Tool","volume":"2020","author":"Schoch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Database"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"bmj"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-023-03031-9","article-title":"Gut dysbiosis is associated with aortic aneurysm formation and progression in Takayasu arteritis","volume":"25","author":"Manabe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, F., Cai, M., Peng, Y., Li, S., Liang, B., Ni, H., and Lin, Y. (2023). Changes in the gut microbiome of patients with type a aortic dissection. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1092360"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.12938\/bmfh.2022-055","article-title":"Impact of Bifidobacterium adolescentis in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm: A cross-sectional study","volume":"42","author":"Ito","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biosci. Microbiota Food Health"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42331","article-title":"Alterations of Gut Microbiome, Metabolome, and Lipidome in Takayasu Arteritis","volume":"75","author":"Fan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2022.09.004","article-title":"Gut microbiome dysbiosis contributes to abdominal aortic aneurysm by promoting neutrophil extracellular trap formation","volume":"30","author":"Tian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Desbois, A.C., Ciocan, D., Saadoun, D., Perlemuter, G., and Cacoub, P. (2021). Specific microbiome profile in Takayasu\u2019s arteritis and giant cell arteritis. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-84725-5"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.20411\/pai.v4i1.269","article-title":"Microbiomes of inflammatory thoracic aortic aneurysms due to giant cell arteritis and clinically isolated aortitis differ from those of non-inflammatory aneurysms","volume":"4","author":"Getz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pathog. Immun."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, S., Shao, S., Qiao, Z., Chen, X., Piao, C., Yu, Y., Gao, F., Zhang, J., and Du, J. (2017). Clinical Parameters and Gut Microbiome Changes before and after Surgery in Thoracic Aortic Dissection in Patients with Gastrointestinal Complications. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-15079-0"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakayama, K., Furuyama, T., Matsubara, Y., Morisaki, K., Onohara, T., Ikeda, T., and Yoshizumi, T. (2022). Gut dysbiosis and bacterial translocation in the aneurysmal wall and blood in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0278995"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiu, Y., Hou, Y., Wei, X., Wang, M., Yin, Z., Xie, M., Duan, A., Ma, C., Si, K., and Wang, Z. (2024). Causal association between gut microbiomes and different types of aneurysms: A Mendelian randomization study. Front. Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1267888"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"956","article-title":"Causal Associations Between the Gut Microbiome and Aortic Aneurysm: A Mendelian Randomization Study","volume":"9","author":"Lv","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Innov. Appl."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, D., Li, F., Jin, J., Yang, Y., and Tong, Q. (2023). Unraveling the Causal Nexus: Exploring the Relationship between Gut Microbiota and Aortic Dissection. Res. Sq.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3300029\/v1"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, Q., Gu, Y., Li, X., Yang, W., Jia, L., Chen, C., Han, X., Huang, Y., Zhao, L., and Li, P. (2017). Alterations of the Gut Microbiome in Hypertension. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00381"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, Y., Caporaso, J.G., Jiang, X.-T., Sheng, H.-F., Huse, S.M., Rideout, J.R., Edgar, R.C., Kopylova, E., Walters, W.A., and Knight, R. (2015). Stability of operational taxonomic units: An important but neglected property for analyzing microbial diversity. Microbiome, 3.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-015-0081-x"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J., Chia, N., Kalari, K.R., Yao, J.Z., Novotna, M., Paz Soldan, M.M., Luckey, D.H., Marietta, E.V., Jeraldo, P.R., and Chen, X. (2016). Multiple sclerosis patients have a distinct gut microbiota compared to healthy controls. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep28484"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2343","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.14195","article-title":"The role of intestinal microbiota in cardiovascular disease","volume":"23","author":"Jin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petakh, P., Oksenych, V., and Kamyshnyi, A. (2023). The F\/B ratio as a biomarker for inflammation in COVID-19 and T2D: Impact of metformin. Biomed. Pharmacother., 163.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114892"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.05315","article-title":"Gut Dysbiosis Is Linked to Hypertension","volume":"65","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.14759","article-title":"Trimethylamine-N-oxide promotes age-related vascular oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in mice and healthy humans","volume":"76","author":"Brunt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2013.01.003","article-title":"Gut Microbiota Regulates Bile Acid Metabolism by Reducing the Levels of Tauro-beta-muricholic Acid, a Naturally Occurring FXR Antagonist","volume":"17","author":"Sayin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Aquila, P., Giacconi, R., Malavolta, M., Piacenza, F., B\u00fcrkle, A., Villanueva, M.M., Doll\u00e9, M.E.T., Jansen, E., Grune, T., and Gonos, E.S. (2021). Microbiome in Blood Samples From the General Population Recruited in the MARK-AGE Project: A Pilot Study. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.707515"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malla, M.A., Dubey, A., Kumar, A., Yadav, S., Hashem, A., and Abd_Allah, E.F. (2019). Exploring the Human Microbiome: The Potential Future Role of Next-Generation Sequencing in Disease Diagnosis and Treatment. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02868"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-020-06091-y","article-title":"Tools for Analysis of the Microbiome","volume":"65","author":"Hanson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marcos-Zambrano, L.J., Karaduzovic-Hadziabdic, K., Loncar Turukalo, T., Przymus, P., Trajkovik, V., Aasmets, O., Berland, M., Gruca, A., Hasic, J., and Hron, K. (2021). Applications of Machine Learning in Human Microbiome Studies: A Review on Feature Selection, Biomarker Identification, Disease Prediction and Treatment. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.634511"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/22\/6938\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:34:27Z","timestamp":1760114067000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/22\/6938"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm13226938"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13226938","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]]}}}