{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:36:07Z","timestamp":1760146567084,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: The aim of this paper is to analyze clinical targets for lacosamide (LCM) blood levels in patients with focal epilepsy. Referring to the LCM optimal range will encourage us to think about the importance and usefulness of measuring its blood levels. Methods: A total of 101 (45 female, 56 male) patients were treated with LCM. Blood sampling was performed 1 month after the start of oral medication (the levels reached a steady state) if the LCM treatment had been continued, and then 6 and 12 months after. The efficacy of LCM was evaluated by the reduction in the epileptic seizure rate (RR) at the time of blood sampling. The patients were classified as effective cases (seizure reduction rate \u2265 50%) and ineffective cases (&lt;50%). The actual level, the calculated peak\/trough levels, and the levels for each type of seizure were investigated. A statistical analysis was performed using Spearman\u2019s rank correlation coefficient and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results: A positive correlation was seen between blood levels and dosage (r = 0.446). However, the blood levels and RR showed no correlation. The blood levels were higher in effective cases than in ineffective cases at all time points (measurement p &lt; 0.001, peak p = 0.013, trough p = 0.001). Because the range was set so that the effective and ineffective groups did not overlap, the optimal range of LCM was found to be 8.0\u201310.5 \u00b5g\/mL. Conclusions: Measuring and calculating blood levels of LCM and adjusting the dosage to reach the optimal range are recommended. Moreover, the optimal range for LCM was determined as a therapeutic target.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13226958","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T10:44:37Z","timestamp":1732013077000},"page":"6958","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Efficacy and Blood Levels of Lacosamide in Patients with Focal Epilepsy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Toshiyuki","family":"Iwasaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kawasaki Municipal Tama Hospital, Kawasaki 214-8522, Kanagawa, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki 216-8511, Kanagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toshihiro","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Kawasaki Municipal Tama Hospital, Kawasaki 214-8522, Kanagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yusaku","family":"Miyamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki 216-8511, Kanagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taichi","family":"Imaizumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kawasaki Municipal Tama Hospital, Kawasaki 214-8522, Kanagawa, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki 216-8511, Kanagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shotaro","family":"Kaku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kawasaki Municipal Tama Hospital, Kawasaki 214-8522, Kanagawa, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki 216-8511, Kanagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noriko","family":"Udagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki 216-8511, Kanagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hitoshi","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki 216-8511, Kanagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naoki","family":"Shimizu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki 216-8511, Kanagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2006.02.002","article-title":"Seeking a mechanism of action for the novel anticonvulsant lacosamide","volume":"50","author":"Errington","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.107.039867","article-title":"The investigational anticonvulsant lacosamide selectively enhances slow inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels","volume":"73","author":"Errington","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. 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