{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:09:35Z","timestamp":1791245375968,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":307,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]],"date-time":"2024-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732147200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how HIV alters normal aging trajectories in the brain, presenting the HIV-related molecular mechanisms and pathophysiological pathways involved in brain aging. The review explores the roles of inflammation, oxidative stress, and viral persistence in the brain, highlighting how these factors contribute to neuronal damage and cognitive impairment and accelerate normal brain aging. Additionally, it also addresses the impact of antiretroviral therapy on brain aging and the biological markers associated with its occurrence. Methods: We extensively searched PubMed for English-language articles published from 2000 to 2024. The following keywords were used in the search: \u201cHIV\u201d, \u201cbrain\u201d, \u201cbrain aging\u201d, \u201cneuroinflammation\u201d, \u201cHAART\u201d, and \u201cHAND\u201d. This strategy yielded 250 articles for inclusion in our review. Results: A combination of blood-brain barrier dysfunction, with the direct effects of HIV on the central nervous system, chronic neuroinflammation, telomere shortening, neurogenesis impairments, and neurotoxicity associated with antiretroviral treatment (ART), alters and amplifies the mechanisms of normal brain aging. Conclusions: Current evidence suggests that HIV infection accelerates neurodegenerative processes of normal brain aging, leading to cognitive decline and structural brain changes at an earlier age than typically observed in the general population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13237031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]],"date-time":"2024-11-21T12:24:51Z","timestamp":1732191891000},"page":"7031","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The Impact of HIV on Early Brain Aging\u2014A Pathophysiological (Re)View"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mihai","family":"Lazar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, No. 37, Dionisie Lupu Street, Sector 2, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"National Institute for Infectious Diseases Prof. Dr. Matei Bals, No. 1, Calistrat Grozovici Street, Sector 2, 021105 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4453-3752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruxandra","family":"Moroti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, No. 37, Dionisie Lupu Street, Sector 2, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"National Institute for Infectious Diseases Prof. Dr. Matei Bals, No. 1, Calistrat Grozovici Street, Sector 2, 021105 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9560-6264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ecaterina Constanta","family":"Barbu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, No. 37, Dionisie Lupu Street, Sector 2, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina Emilia","family":"Chitu-Tisu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, No. 37, Dionisie Lupu Street, Sector 2, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catalin","family":"Tiliscan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, No. 37, Dionisie Lupu Street, Sector 2, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, No. 37, Dionisie Lupu Street, Sector 2, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teodora Maria","family":"Erculescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, No. 37, Dionisie Lupu Street, Sector 2, 020021 Bucharest, 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Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Simion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, No. 37, Dionisie Lupu Street, Sector 2, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George Theodor","family":"Duca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, No. 37, Dionisie Lupu Street, Sector 2, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabela Felicia","family":"Padiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, No. 37, Dionisie Lupu Street, Sector 2, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darie Ioan","family":"Andreescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, No. 37, Dionisie Lupu Street, Sector 2, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreea Nicoleta","family":"Anton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, No. 37, Dionisie Lupu Street, Sector 2, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cosmina Georgiana","family":"Pacurar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, No. 37, Dionisie Lupu Street, Sector 2, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia Maria","family":"Perdun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, No. 37, Dionisie Lupu Street, Sector 2, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandru Mihai","family":"Petre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, No. 37, Dionisie Lupu Street, Sector 2, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Constantin Adrian","family":"Oprea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, No. 37, Dionisie Lupu Street, Sector 2, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adelina Maria","family":"Popescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, No. 37, Dionisie Lupu Street, Sector 2, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enachiuc","family":"Maria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, No. 37, Dionisie Lupu Street, Sector 2, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela Adriana","family":"Ion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, No. 37, Dionisie Lupu Street, Sector 2, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3442-2338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mihaela Cristina","family":"Olariu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, No. 37, Dionisie Lupu Street, Sector 2, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"National Institute for Infectious Diseases Prof. Dr. 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