{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T21:56:17Z","timestamp":1788990977077,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]],"date-time":"2024-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732147200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Oblique lumbar interbody fusion (OLIF) is a minimally invasive technique used to manage degenerative lumbar conditions. The presence of vacuum phenomenon (VP) and associated endplate sclerosis may increase the risk of cage subsidence. This study evaluated the relationship between VP grade, endplate sclerosis, and subsidence in OLIF. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 165 patients who underwent a single-level OLIF for lumbar stenosis. Patients were stratified into VP grades (0\u20133) based on preoperative computed tomography scans. Disc height, endplate sclerosis, and cage subsidence were radiologically assessed. Clinical outcomes, including back and leg pain visual analog scale, Oswestry Disability Index, and EuroQol-5 Dimension, were measured preoperatively and at follow-up. Results: High VP grades were associated with low preoperative disc height and increased endplate sclerosis. Although no significant differences in clinical outcomes or final fusion rates across VP grades were observed, the subsidence rate increased with VP grade, with a significant difference between VP grades 1 and 2 (p = 0.045) and between VP grades 2 and 3 (p = 0.032), indicating that subsidence rates increased as the VP grade advanced. Conclusions: High VP grades, particularly grades 2 and 3, may increase the risk of cage subsidence following OLIF. Therefore, VP grading may be worth considering during surgical planning to reduce the subsidence risk and improve outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13237036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]],"date-time":"2024-11-21T12:24:51Z","timestamp":1732191891000},"page":"7036","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effects of Vacuum Phenomenon on Cage Subsidence and Fusion Outcomes in Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion: A Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6949-6954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae-Hyuk","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul 02708, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0877-2742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kun-Joon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung-Yup","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul 02708, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4615-1878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In-Hee","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Police Hospital, Seoul 05715, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang Yun","family":"Seok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Daejeon Eulji University Hospital, Daejeon 35233, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hansongi","family":"Suh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Business Administration, Yonsei University School of Business, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3125-1470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyung Rae","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul 02708, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jor.2024.06.035","article-title":"Comparison of the effects between oblique lateral interbody fusion (OLIF) and minimally invasive transforaminal interbody fusion (MIS-TLIF) in the treatment of adult degenerative lumbar scoliosis","volume":"58","author":"Jun","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. 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