{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T01:25:31Z","timestamp":1783041931980,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) occurs in approximately 9% of pregnancies, and proper glycemic control is of utmost importance in the prevention of GDM-associated obstetric complications. Flash glucose monitoring (FGM), a subtype of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), offers intermittent blood glucose scanning and is considered a propitious alternative to the standard method of self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG). Aim: The aim of this review was to systematically assess the efficacy and acceptability of FGM in in pregnancies complicated by GDM. Methods: A systematic literature search was performed in the PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, and Cochrane databases. The review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines, and the study protocol has been registered in the PROSPERO database with the registration number CRD42024545874. Results: A total of 872 articles were initially identified, 141 publications underwent an in-depth full-text analysis, resulting in 133 studies being excluded from further assessment. Eventually, eight studies were included in the analysis. Conclusions: The analysis revealed that FGM is a safe and efficient method of glycemic control in GDM. The majority of the studies consider its accuracy comparable to SMBG. Furthermore, FGM is well accepted by patients with numerous advantages in user-friendliness over SMBG.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13237129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T09:59:34Z","timestamp":1732528774000},"page":"7129","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Efficacy and Acceptability of Flash Glucose Monitoring in Pregnant Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6952-4927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franciszek","family":"\u0141ugowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-015 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Babi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-015 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zofia","family":"Awi\u017ce\u0144-Panufnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Oncology, Medical University of Warsaw, 03-242 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewelina","family":"Litwi\u0144ska-Korcz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-015 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Litwi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-015 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Artur","family":"Ludwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-015 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7445-7546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142 Jan","family":"Stanirowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-015 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-016-3985-5","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus and long-term consequences for mother and offspring: A view from Denmark","volume":"59","author":"Damm","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2021.0335","article-title":"Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Diagnostic Approaches and Maternal-Offspring Complications","volume":"46","author":"Moon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2014). Diagnostic criteria and classification of hyperglycaemia first detected in pregnancy: A World Health Organization Guideline. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract., 103, 341\u2013363.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2013.10.012"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-009-1560-z","article-title":"Association of existing diabetes, gestational diabetes and glycosuria in pregnancy with macrosomia and offspring body mass index, waist and fat mass in later childhood: Findings from a prospective pregnancy cohort","volume":"53","author":"Lawlor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"e47500","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Impacts on Maternal Health, Fetal Development, Childhood Outcomes, and Long-Term Treatment Strategies","volume":"15","author":"Nakshine","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1459","article-title":"Adaptation of islets of Langerhans to pregnancy: Increased islet cell proliferation and insulin secretion correlates with the onset of placental lactogen secretion","volume":"130","author":"Parsons","year":"1992","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.23.9.1278","article-title":"Diabetes trends in the U.S.: 1990\u20131998","volume":"23","author":"Mokdad","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-023-00393-8","article-title":"Refining the diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"3","author":"Francis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Commun. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.18.5.611","article-title":"Impaired Glucose Tolerance in Adolescent Offspring of Diabetic Mothers: Relationship to fetal hyperinsulinism","volume":"18","author":"Silverman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.2307\/1131922","article-title":"Early malnutrition and child neurobehavioral development: Insights from the study of children of diabetic mothers","volume":"68","author":"Rizzo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnac003","article-title":"A Clinical Update on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"43","author":"Sweeting","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e067946","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2021-067946","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus and adverse pregnancy outcomes: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"377","author":"Ye","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e318203ebe0","article-title":"The Relationship Between Maternal Glycemia and Perinatal Outcome","volume":"117","author":"Landon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2233955","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.33955","article-title":"Glycemic Control Trajectories and Risk of Perinatal Complications Among Individuals with Gestational Diabetes","volume":"5","author":"Chehab","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(15)00227-2","article-title":"Effect of a behavioural intervention in obese pregnant women (the UPBEAT study): A multicentre, randomised controlled trial","volume":"3","author":"Poston","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yeh, P.T., Kennedy, C.E., Rhee, D.K., Zera, C., Tun\u00e7alp, \u00d6., Lucido, B., de Leon, R.G.P., and Narasimhan, M. (2023). Self-monitoring of blood glucose levels among pregnant individuals with gestational diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Glob. Women\u2019s Health, 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fgwh.2023.1006041"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-021-05437-z","article-title":"Effect of flash glucose monitoring in adults with type 1 diabetes: A nationwide, longitudinal observational study of 14,372 flash users compared with 7691 glucose sensor naive controls","volume":"64","author":"Nathanson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001115","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2019-001115","article-title":"Flash glucose monitoring helps achieve better glycemic control than conventional self-monitoring of blood glucose in non-insulin-treated type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"8","author":"Wada","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2014.10.002","article-title":"A study exploring the association of attitude and treatment satisfaction with glycaemic level among gestational diabetes mellitus patients","volume":"9","author":"Hussain","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prim. Care Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13584","article-title":"Flash forward: A review of flash glucose monitoring","volume":"35","author":"Leelarathna","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0659-2596","article-title":"Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)\u2014Diagnosis, Treatment and Follow-Up. Guideline of the DDG and DGGG (S3 Level, AWMF Registry Number 057\/008, February 2018)","volume":"78","author":"Gembruch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"158","article-title":"Disagreement between capillary blood glucose and flash glucose monitoring sensor can lead to inadequate treatment adjustments during pregnancy","volume":"46","author":"Faucher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.52.6.377","article-title":"The feasibility of creating a checklist for the assessment of the methodological quality both of randomised and non-randomised studies of health care interventions","volume":"52","author":"Downs","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-023-02091-2","article-title":"Flash glucose monitoring in gestational diabetes mellitus (FLAMINGO): A randomised controlled trial","volume":"60","author":"Majewska","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-023-02042-x","article-title":"Using flash glucose monitoring in pregnancies in routine care of patients with gestational diabetes mellitus: A pilot study","volume":"60","author":"Bastobbe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2017.0386","article-title":"Accuracy, User Acceptability, and Safety Evaluation for the FreeStyle Libre Flash Glucose Monitoring System When Used by Pregnant Women with Diabetes","volume":"20","author":"Scott","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2024.111611","article-title":"Accuracy of intermittently scanned continuous glucose monitoring during caesarean delivery in pregnant women with insulin-treated diabetes","volume":"210","author":"Citro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1007\/s13224-020-01391-9","article-title":"New Innovation: Use of Flash Glucose Monitoring for Evaluating Glycaemic Variability, Patient Satisfaction and Clinical Utility in Pregnant Women with Diabetes","volume":"71","author":"Pikee","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. India"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milln, J.M., Walugembe, E., Ssentayi, S., Nkabura, H., Jones, A.G., and Nyirenda, M.J. (2020). Comparison of oral glucose tolerance test and ambulatory glycaemic profiles in pregnant women in Uganda with gestational diabetes using the FreeStyle Libre flash glucose monitoring system. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-020-03325-9"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1007\/s42000-023-00485-z","article-title":"Flash glucose monitoring system in gestational diabetes: A study of accuracy and usability","volume":"22","author":"Brito","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hormones"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-020-01575-9","article-title":"Evaluation of the accuracy of FreeStyle\u00ae Libre\u2122 during gestational diabetes: Is this device acceptable for decision making?","volume":"57","author":"Hendrichs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-017-4527-5","article-title":"Impact of flash glucose monitoring on hypoglycaemia in adults with type 1 diabetes managed with multiple daily injection therapy: A pre-specified subgroup analysis of the IMPACT randomised controlled trial","volume":"61","author":"Oskarsson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-016-0223-6","article-title":"Flash Glucose-Sensing Technology as a Replacement for Blood Glucose Monitoring for the Management of Insulin-Treated Type 2 Diabetes: A Multicenter, Open-Label Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"8","author":"Haak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117955141774695","DOI":"10.1177\/1179551417746957","article-title":"Evaluation of FreeStyle Libre Flash Glucose Monitoring System on Glycemic Control, Health-Related Quality of Life, and Fear of Hypoglycemia in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"10","author":"Robert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Med. Insights Endocrinol. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muhuza, M.P.U., Zhang, L., Wu, Q., Qi, L., Chen, D., and Liang, Z. (2023). The association between maternal HbA1c and adverse outcomes in gestational diabetes. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1105899"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2015.5432","article-title":"HbA1c and Gestational Weight Gain Are Factors that Influence Neonatal Outcome in Mothers with Gestational Diabetes","volume":"25","author":"Barquiel","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(17)30066-9","article-title":"Gestational diabetes in the first trimester: Is early testing justified?","volume":"5","author":"Sweeting","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.4103\/jcn.JCN_13_18","article-title":"Elevated glycated hemoglobin during pregnancy in diabetic women as a predictor of large-for-gestational age infants in an Asian cohort","volume":"7","author":"Pravin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neonatol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32400-5","article-title":"Continuous glucose monitoring in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes (CONCEPTT): A multicentre international randomised controlled trial","volume":"390","author":"Feig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"100823","article-title":"Continuous glucose monitoring-derived glycemic metrics and adverse pregnancy outcomes among women with gestational diabetes: A prospective cohort study","volume":"39","author":"Liang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health West. Pac."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/23\/7129\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:38:57Z","timestamp":1760114337000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/23\/7129"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm13237129"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13237129","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]]}}}