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These biomarkers have proven critical for early detection, treatment response monitoring, and tailoring personalized therapeutic strategies. The article highlights the utility of targeted therapies, such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies, in improving treatment efficacy while minimizing systemic toxicity. Despite these advancements, challenges like tumor resistance, variability in protein expression, and diagnostic heterogeneity persist, complicating universal application. The review underscores future directions, including the integration of artificial intelligence, advanced protein analysis technologies, and the development of combination therapies to overcome these barriers and refine personalized cancer treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13237131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T09:59:34Z","timestamp":1732528774000},"page":"7131","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Role of Proteins in Oncology: Advances in Cancer Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Targeted Therapy\u2014A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Magdalena","family":"K\u0119dzierska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemotherapy, Medical University of Lodz, Copernicus Memorial Hospital of Lodz, 90-549 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Ba\u0144kosz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CUT Doctoral School, Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Department of Material Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, 37 Jana Pawla II Av., 31-864 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pessoa, J., Martins, M., Casimiro, S., P\u00e9rez-Plasencia, C., and Shoshan-Barmatz, V. 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