{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T03:32:17Z","timestamp":1769571137295,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Sacroiliitis in children is usually connected with one of the subtypes of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), such as enthesitis-related arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, or undifferentiated arthritis. The main diagnostic method is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the sacroiliac joints, which can reveal bone marrow edema (BME) as a sign of an active inflammation process. This research aimed to retrospectively investigate the associations between the clinical presentation, laboratory test results, and MRI results of the sacroiliac joints of children. Methods: A total of 152 paediatric patients who underwent MRI of the sacroiliac joints were included in this single-centre study. The mean age of patients was 13.91 \u00b1 2.97, while the female-to-male ratio was 1.36:1. JIA diagnosis was confirmed in 91 (59.87%) patients. Results: The main symptom reported by 128 (83.21%) patients was chronic pain, while in another 40 (31.25%) patients, it was chronic back pain. Patients with arthritis and BME in the sacroiliac joints were more likely to report chronic back pain, while patients with JIA but without BME in the sacroiliac joints were often positive for anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA). The widening of any joint contour was observed in 43 (28.29%) patients, and reduced joint mobility was observed in 61 (40.13%). Elevation of inflammatory blood parameters occurred in 31 (20.39%) patients, but this was not statistically related to BME presence in the sacroiliac joints. Radiological findings included BME (n = 36; 23.68% of examinations), joint space narrowing (n = 10; 27.78% of examinations), erosions (n = 7; 19.44% of examinations), and joint fluid (n = 7; 19.44% of examinations). There was a statistically significant relationship between the presence of BME in the sacroiliac joints and all of the above radiological findings. Conclusions: The radiological findings of MRI of the sacroiliac joints are significantly statistically related to chronic back pain in patients, while there is no relationship between any inflammatory blood parameter and the presence of BME.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13237147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T05:06:53Z","timestamp":1732597613000},"page":"7147","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Single-Centre Analysis of Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Sacroiliac Joints in a Paediatric Population"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2675-6848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"O\u017cga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, Gustawa Herlinga-Grudzi\u0144skiego 1, 30-705 Krakow, Poland"},{"name":"Clinical Department of Pediatrics and Rheumatology, St. Louis Regional Specialised Children\u2019s Hospital, Strzelecka 2, 31-503 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3996-386X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Ostrog\u00f3rska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Botaniczna 3, 31-503 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0748-3995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wadim","family":"Wojciechowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Pediatrics and Rheumatology, St. Louis Regional Specialised Children\u2019s Hospital, Strzelecka 2, 31-503 Krakow, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Botaniczna 3, 31-503 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zbigniew","family":"\u017buber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, Gustawa Herlinga-Grudzi\u0144skiego 1, 30-705 Krakow, Poland"},{"name":"Clinical Department of Pediatrics and Rheumatology, St. Louis Regional Specialised Children\u2019s Hospital, Strzelecka 2, 31-503 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2014.010","article-title":"Analysis of Clinical Symptoms and Laboratory Profiles in Children with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis in Malopolska Region (Poland) in the Years 2007\u20132010","volume":"2","author":"Kania","year":"2014","journal-title":"Open Access Maced. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"390","article-title":"International League of Associations for Rheumatology classification of juvenile idiopathic arthritis: Second revision, Edmonton, 2001","volume":"31","author":"Petty","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"630","article-title":"Juvenile idiopathic arthritis","volume":"39","author":"Boros","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aust. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3283296","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3283296","article-title":"Sacroiliitis: A Review on Anatomy, Diagnosis, and Treatment","volume":"2022","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Raj, M.A., Ampat, G., and Varacallo, M. (2023). Sacroiliac Joint Pain, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1179\/jmt.2008.16.3.142","article-title":"Evidence-based diagnosis and treatment of the painful sacroiliac joint","volume":"16","author":"Laslett","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Man. Manip. Ther."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.111031","article-title":"Clinical, functional, and radiographic differences among juvenile-onset, adult-onset, and late-onset ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"39","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"290","article-title":"Low frequency of axial involvement in southern Italian Caucasian children with HLA-B27 positive juvenile onset undifferentiated spondyloarthritis","volume":"30","author":"Olivieri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/1546-0096-10-14","article-title":"The assessment of the spondyloarthritis international society concept and criteria for the classification of axial spondyloarthritis and peripheral spondyloarthritis: A critical appraisal for the pediatric rheumatologist","volume":"10","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr. Rheumatol. Online J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2015-207892","article-title":"EULAR-PReS points to consider for the use of imaging in the diagnosis and management of juvenile idiopathic arthritis in clinical practice","volume":"74","author":"Edwards","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e71","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0000000000001955","article-title":"Childhood-Onset Sacroiliitis: Causes and Correlation Between Clinical Findings and Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"29","author":"Ozcakar","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii1","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.104018","article-title":"The Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS) handbook: A guide to assess spondyloarthritis","volume":"68","author":"Sieper","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2009.110767","article-title":"Defining active sacroiliitis on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for classification of axial spondyloarthritis: A consensual approach by the ASAS\/OMERACT MRI group","volume":"68","author":"Rudwaleit","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.21037\/qims.2018.11.10","article-title":"Imaging of sacroiliitis: Current status, limitations and pitfalls","volume":"9","author":"Tsoi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Quant. Imaging Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4778","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keab099","article-title":"Data-driven definitions for active and structural MRI lesions in the sacroiliac joint in spondyloarthritis and their predictive utility","volume":"60","author":"Maksymowych","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21445","article-title":"Spondyloarthritis research Consortium of Canada magnetic resonance imaging index for assessment of sacroiliac joint inflammation in ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"53","author":"Maksymowych","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2021.07.003","article-title":"Atlas of MRI findings of sacroiliitis in pediatric sacroiliac joints to accompany the updated preliminary OMERACT pediatric JAMRIS (Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis MRI Score) scoring system: Part I: Active lesions","volume":"51","author":"Herregods","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2021.07.009","article-title":"Atlas of MRI findings of sacroiliitis in pediatric sacroiliac joints to accompany the updated preliminary OMERACT pediatric JAMRIS (Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis MRI Score) scoring system: Part II: Structural damage lesions","volume":"51","author":"Herregods","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.22393","article-title":"Defining criteria for disease activity states in nonsystemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis based on a three-variable juvenile arthritis disease activity score","volume":"66","author":"Consolaro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s12969-023-00825-8","article-title":"High prevalence of sacroiliitis and early structural changes in the sacroiliac joint in children with enthesitis-related arthritis: Findings from a tertiary centre in Hong Kong","volume":"21","author":"Chan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr. Rheumatol. Online J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2021.08.002","article-title":"Enthesitis-related arthritis: Monitoring and specific tools","volume":"98","author":"Ferjani","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/1759720X221119245","article-title":"Frequency and anatomic distribution of magnetic resonance imaging lesions in the sacroiliac joints of spondyloarthritis and non-spondyloarthritis patients","volume":"14","author":"Hecquet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Musculoskelet. Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-018-4104-3","article-title":"SCAISS Study Group. Development and validation of SCAISS, a tool for semi-automated quantification of sacroilitis by magnetic resonance in spondyloarthritis","volume":"38","author":"Zarco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbe.2021.05.005","article-title":"Fully Automated Algorithm for the Detection of Bone Marrow Oedema Lesions in Patients with Axial Spondyloarthritis\u2014Feasibility Study","volume":"41","author":"Rzecki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biocybern. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.212526","article-title":"Deep Learning Detects Changes Indicative of Axial Spondyloarthritis at MRI of Sacroiliac Joints","volume":"305","author":"Bressem","year":"2022","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.05.1423","article-title":"MRI of the sacroiliac joints in patients with moderate to severe ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"187","author":"Bredella","year":"2006","journal-title":"AJR Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2003.09.002","article-title":"Sacroiliitis in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: Association of MR findings with disease activity","volume":"22","author":"Jee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20945","article-title":"Patients with antinuclear antibody-positive juvenile idiopathic arthritis constitute a homogeneous subgroup irrespective of the course of joint disease","volume":"52","author":"Ravelli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/23\/7147\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:39:24Z","timestamp":1760114364000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/23\/7147"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm13237147"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13237147","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]]}}}