{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T00:57:47Z","timestamp":1773104267273,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome (GBS) is an immune-mediated polyradiculoneuropathy that represents a leading cause of motor impairment. Robot-assisted therapy (RAT) has been widely applied in various neurological conditions. However, the use of RAT in GBS remains underexplored. This systematic review (SR) aims to evaluate the preliminary evidence regarding the efficacy of RAT in terms of motor recovery in people with GBS (pwGBSs). Secondly, the study protocol for a randomized RCT is reported. Methods: A comprehensive SR was conducted on PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Epistemikos. Risk of bias was assessed using the National Institute of Health (NIH) study quality assessment. The SR\u2019s protocol was recorded in the PROSPERO database. Results: Out of 116 articles found, four studies published in the past four years met the inclusion criteria. These studies investigated the effects of RAT on lower limbs (three studies) and upper limbs (one study) in four pwGBSs. The results showed improvements in motor function and patient engagement, but it is impossible to generalize the findings. Conclusions: Our SRs supports the rationale for an RCT to assess the efficacy of RAT in pwGBSs. We present the protocol for a double-blind RCT to evaluate the effects of RAT on upper limb motor function in pwGBSs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13237153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T05:06:53Z","timestamp":1732597613000},"page":"7153","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Robot-Assisted Therapy in Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e8 Syndrome: Systematic Review of Primary Evidence and Study Protocol for a Randomized Clinical Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7267-3253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex","family":"Martino Cinnera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalisation and Health Care IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"D\u2019Arienzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalisation and Health Care IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5092-6016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Piatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalisation and Health Care IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Casagrande Conti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalisation and Health Care IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Deledda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Tenore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3105-1148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Paolucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalisation and Health Care IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1582-5534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Grazia","family":"Grasso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalisation and Health Care IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67665-9","article-title":"Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"366","author":"Hughes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"469","article-title":"Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: Pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis, Nature reviews","volume":"10","author":"Walgaard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00517-1","article-title":"Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"397","author":"Shahrizaila","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2013.01.005","article-title":"Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome and variants","volume":"31","author":"Dimachkie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70215-1","article-title":"Axonal Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: Concepts and controversies","volume":"12","author":"Kuwabara","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"e11301","article-title":"Acute Sensory-Motor Axonal Neuropathy in a 57-Year-Old Male Presenting with Paresthesia and Distal Muscle Weakness","volume":"12","author":"Latif","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noioso, C.M., Bevilacqua, L., Acerra, G.M., Della Valle, P., Serio, M., Vinciguerra, C., Piscosquito, G., Toriello, A., Barone, P., and Iovino, A. (2023). Miller Fisher syndrome: An updated narrative review. Front. Neurol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1250774"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"e18788","article-title":"Pharyngeal-Cervical-Brachial Variant of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 Syndrome","volume":"13","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.23736\/S1973-9087.21.06625-9","article-title":"\u201cCICERONE\u201d Italian Consensus Conference on Robotic in Neurorehabilitation. Systematic review of guidelines to identify recommendations for upper limb robotic rehabilitation after stroke","volume":"57","author":"Morone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-220027","article-title":"Effectiveness of robot-assisted arm therapy in stroke rehabilitation: An overview of systematic reviews","volume":"51","author":"Straudi","year":"2022","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"556","article-title":"A three-year update on guidelines for upper limb robotic rehabilitation after stroke","volume":"60","author":"Palomba","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morone, G., de Sire, A., Martino Cinnera, A., Paci, M., Perrero, L., Invernizzi, M., Lippi, L., Agostini, M., Aprile, I., and Casanova, E. (2021). Upper Limb Robotic Rehabilitation for Patients with Cervical Spinal Cord Injury: A Comprehensive Review. Brain Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11121630"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Straudi, S., Tramontano, M., Russo, E.F., Perrero, L., Agostini, M., Gandolfi, M., Aprile, I., Paci, M., Casanova, E., and Marino, D. (2022). Robot-Assisted Upper Limb Training for Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: An Evidence-Based Review of Clinical Applications and Effectiveness. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12010222"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.23736\/S1973-9087.21.07011-8","article-title":"Robot-assisted arm therapy in neurological health conditions: Rationale and methodology for the evidence synthesis in the CICERONE Italian Consensus Conference","volume":"57","author":"Gimigliano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4","article-title":"Rayyan\u2014A web and mobile app for systematic reviews","volume":"5","author":"Ouzzani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.12556","article-title":"Pulp changes from rapid maxillary expansion: A systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Oliveira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Orthod. Craniofac. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"e63882","article-title":"Improvement of Functional Mobility Using a Hip-Wearable Exoskeleton Robot in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 Syndrome with Residual Gait Disturbance: A Case Report","volume":"16","author":"Yabuki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, F.Y.-S., Hou, W.-H., Lee, H.-H., Huang, Y.-C., and Siow, C.Y. (2024). Additional Rehabilitative Robot-Assisted Gait Training for Ambulation in Geriatric Individuals with Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 Syndrome: A Case Report. Medicina, 60.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60081209"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-023-01225-5","article-title":"Robotic arm training in neurorehabilitation enhanced by augmented reality\u2014A usability and feasibility study","volume":"20","author":"Ruhnau","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2020.2987428","article-title":"Social Human-Robot Interaction for Gait Rehabilitation","volume":"28","author":"Cifuentes","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-017-0232-3","article-title":"Robot-assisted gait training (Lokomat) improves walking function and activity in people with spinal cord injury: A systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Nam","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01989-8","article-title":"An update to SPIRIT and CONSORT reporting guidelines to enhance transparency in randomized trials","volume":"28","author":"Hopewell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2012.687031","article-title":"Effect of pranayama and meditation as an add-on therapy in rehabilitation of patients with Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome\u2014A randomized control pilot study","volume":"35","author":"Sendhilkumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1191\/0269215504cr737oa","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the sensory scale of the Fugl-Meyer Assessment in stroke patients","volume":"18","author":"Lin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"2","article-title":"The Barthel ADL Index: A reliability study","volume":"10","author":"Collin","year":"1988","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000015223.98452.97","article-title":"Measuring Quality of Life After Stroke Using the SF-36","volume":"33","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-0276","article-title":"Evaluation of functional outcome measures for the hemiparetic upper limb: A systematic review","volume":"40","author":"Ashford","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Naqvi, U., and Sherman, A.L. (2024, October 14). Muscle Strength Grading, StatPearls [Internet], Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK436008\/."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"2","article-title":"Hand strength and dexterity","volume":"25","author":"Kellor","year":"1971","journal-title":"Am. J. Occup. Ther."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01742","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1742","article-title":"Robot-assisted therapy for upper-limb rehabilitation in subacute stroke patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Chien","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215513516967","article-title":"Effect on arm function and cost of robot-assisted group therapy in subacute patients with stroke and a moderately to severely affected arm: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"28","author":"Hesse","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2020.02.008","article-title":"Effects of robotic gait training after stroke: A meta-analysis","volume":"63","author":"Moucheboeuf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonanno, M., De Luca, R., De Nunzio, A.M., Quartarone, A., and Calabr\u00f2, R.S. (2022). Innovative technologies in the neurorehabilitation of traumatic brain injury: A systematic review. Brain Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12121678"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/23\/7153\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:39:32Z","timestamp":1760114372000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/23\/7153"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm13237153"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13237153","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]]}}}