{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T19:29:44Z","timestamp":1790796584942,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Wetenschappelijk Fonds Willy Gepts of the UZ Brussel"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Sleep disturbance is often observed in the context of chronic pain. We hypothesize that, by providing an immersive Virtual Reality (VR) experience with a serious game to chronic pain patients an hour before bedtime, attention can be diverted from the pain condition, consequently leading to improved sleep quality. The aim is to evaluate the efficacy of VR compared to usual care in reducing the number of awakenings during the night and increasing sleep efficiency in patients suffering from painful diabetic polyneuropathy (PDPN). Methods: Eight patients with PDPN were randomized to either two weeks of VR or two weeks of usual care, followed by a cross-over. The primary outcome measurements were sleep efficiency and number of awakenings during the night. As secondary outcomes, self-reported sleep quality, insomnia, pain catastrophizing, anxiety, depression, pain intensity, side effects and impression of change were evaluated. Results: Data of seven patients were analysed. Actigraphy data, self-reported sleep quality, insomnia, pain catastrophizing, anxiety, depression and pain intensity scores did not differ between usual care and VR. As for impression of change, more patients improved after VR compared to usual care (V = 21, p = 0.03). Conclusions: A 2-week period of pain neuroscience education through VR did not result in increased sleep efficiency or fewer awakenings compared to usual care in patients with PDPN. These pilot results indicate that patients subjectively experience an improvement, yet this is not substantiated by either self-reported or objective measurements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13237163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T07:40:32Z","timestamp":1732606832000},"page":"7163","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Virtual Reality to Improve Sleep Quality in Patients Suffering from Painful Diabetic Polyneuropathy: A Proof of Concept Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2271-9855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa","family":"Goudman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"STIMULUS Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Cluster Neurosciences, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Pain in Motion (PAIN) Research Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Research Foundation\u2014Flanders (FWO), 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"De Smedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"STIMULUS Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Cluster Neurosciences, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Jansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"STIMULUS Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0979-2182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maxime","family":"Billot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHU de Poitiers, PRISMATICS Lab (Predictive Research in Spine\/Neuromodulation Management and Thoracic Innovation\/Cardiac Surgery), F-86000 Poitiers, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3348-7137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Roulaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHU de Poitiers, PRISMATICS Lab (Predictive Research in Spine\/Neuromodulation Management and Thoracic Innovation\/Cardiac Surgery), F-86000 Poitiers, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9432-5807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philippe","family":"Rigoard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHU de Poitiers, PRISMATICS Lab (Predictive Research in Spine\/Neuromodulation Management and Thoracic Innovation\/Cardiac Surgery), F-86000 Poitiers, France"},{"name":"CHU de Poitiers, service de Neurochirurgie du rachis, chirurgie de la douleur et du handicap, F-86000 Poitiers, France"},{"name":"Pprime Institute UPR 3346, CNRS, ISAE-ENSMA, Universit\u00e9 de Poitiers, F-86000 Poitiers, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0577-5449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maarten","family":"Moens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"STIMULUS Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Cluster Neurosciences, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Pain in Motion (PAIN) Research Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Research Foundation\u2014Flanders (FWO), 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shiferaw, W.S., Akalu, T.Y., Work, Y., and Aynalem, Y.A. 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