{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T21:15:28Z","timestamp":1770066928400,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]],"date-time":"2024-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: The worldwide endometrial cancer (EC) incidence is rising, amongst others linked to obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and metabolic syndrome, possibly due to low-grade adipose tissue inflammation. We studied immune cell infiltration in the endometrium in relation to diagnosis and obesity. (2) Methods: A cohort was created (n = 44) from postmenopausal women, lean (n = 15) and obese (n = 29), with bleeding complaints due to EC (n = 18) or benign pathology (n = 26). Endometrial biopsies were used to study the immune microenvironment and stained for macrophages (CD68 and CD163), T-cells (CD3 and CD8), and NK-cells (CD56). (3) Results: Malignant samples showed reduced intraepithelial CD3+ and CD8+ T-cells and increased stromal CD3+ T-cells. In obese patients, increased intraepithelial CD3+ and CD8+ T-cells were detected, especially in obese patients with T2DM. Epithelial CD56+ NK-cells were depleted in EC; however, no effect of obesity on NK-cell infiltration was observed. Stromal CD68+ cells were reduced in EC patients, whereas the CD163+ cells were increased. (4) Conclusions: Obesity and malignancy are associated with differences in immune cell presence. The alterations in immune cell infiltration seen in obese EC patients with and without diabetes suggest a complex interaction where obesity-related low-grade inflammation plays a central role.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13237248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]],"date-time":"2024-11-28T10:19:42Z","timestamp":1732789182000},"page":"7248","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Pilot Data Suggest That Obesity and Presence of Malignancy Are Associated with Altered Immune Cell Infiltration in Endometrial Biopsies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Eline","family":"Jacques","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anouk","family":"van den Bosch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GROW-Research Institute for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peggy","family":"de Vos van Steenwijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"GROW-Research Institute for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8226-8665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loes","family":"Kooreman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GROW-Research Institute for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bert","family":"Delvoux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GROW-Research Institute for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5900-6883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"GROW-Research Institute for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5186-8369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrica","family":"Werner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"GROW-Research Institute for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djx214","article-title":"International Patterns and Trends in Endometrial Cancer Incidence, 1978-2013","volume":"110","author":"Ferlay","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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