{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:11:49Z","timestamp":1788999109404,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]],"date-time":"2024-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between tinnitus pitch and loudness, the frequency of hearing loss, hearing level, and the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) scores reported by patients. Methods: In total, 139 patients (50 men and 89 women; mean age \u00b1 SD, 60.19 \u00b1 11.47 years) who suffered from chronic primary tinnitus associated with sensorineural hearing loss were included in the study. Participants underwent pure-tone audiometry and tinnitus pitch matching assessments. Additionally, all participants completed the Hungarian version of the THI questionnaire. Correlations were assessed using simple linear, Spearman\u2019s, and Pearson\u2019s correlation tests, and a linear regression model was applied. The Mann\u2013Whitney U test was also used. Results: This study identified a significant correlation between the pitch of tinnitus and the frequency of hearing loss (p = 0.000 *; rho = 0.549). There was also a significant correlation between tinnitus noise and hearing levels (p = 0.000 *; rho = 0.375). Age was shown to significantly affect tinnitus loudness (p = 0.016 *) and hearing levels (p = 0.000 *) as determined by a linear regression model. Tinnitus duration only significantly influenced tinnitus loudness (p = 0.022). There was no significant effect of sex on tinnitus or audiometry parameters. Total THI scores were influenced solely by tinnitus loudness (p = 0.021 *). Furthermore, sex did have an effect on total THI scores, with women reporting higher scores (p = 0.000 *). Conclusions: This study concluded that there is a significant correlation between the pitch and loudness of tinnitus and hearing levels, suggesting a connection in their underlying mechanisms. The intensity of tinnitus and hearing level are primarily affected by ageing processes. Furthermore, the severity of self-perceived tinnitus is mainly related to the loudness of tinnitus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13237261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]],"date-time":"2024-11-29T08:24:14Z","timestamp":1732868654000},"page":"7261","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Correlation Between the Pitch and Loudness of Tinnitus, Hearing Levels, and Tinnitus Handicap Inventory Scores in Patients with Chronic Subjective Tinnitus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Panayiota","family":"Mavrogeni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"T\u00f3th Ilona Health Service Clinical Medical Institute, H-1212 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4417-5166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e1s","family":"Moln\u00e1r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Semmelweis University, Szigony u. 36, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vikt\u00f3ria","family":"Moln\u00e1r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Semmelweis University, Szigony u. 36, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L\u00e1szl\u00f3","family":"Tam\u00e1s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Semmelweis University, Szigony u. 36, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Voice, Speech and Swallowing Therapy, Semmelweis University, Vas u. 17, H-1088 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3024-6197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefani","family":"Maihoub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Semmelweis University, Szigony u. 36, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3013","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-019-05585-4","article-title":"The relationship of high-frequency distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) values with hematological parameters in tinnitus patients","volume":"276","author":"Gunes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-021-00486-9","article-title":"Aberrant functional and effective connectivity of the frontostriatal network in unilateral acute tinnitus patients with hearing loss","volume":"16","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2009.5.1.11","article-title":"Tinnitus: Characteristics, causes, mechanisms, and treatments","volume":"5","author":"Han","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107826","article-title":"Missed hearing loss in tinnitus patients with normal audiograms","volume":"384","author":"Xiong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"S1","article-title":"Clinical practice guideline: Tinnitus","volume":"151","author":"Tunkel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1080\/03655230600895259","article-title":"Cortical tonotopic map reorganization and its implications for treatment of tinnitus","volume":"556","author":"Eggermont","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2004.08.010","article-title":"The neuroscience of tinnitus","volume":"27","author":"Eggermont","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3124","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2006.04774.x","article-title":"Development of tinnitus-related neuronal hyperactivity through homeostatic plasticity after hearing loss: A computational model","volume":"23","author":"Schaette","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1080\/00016489.2020.1837394","article-title":"Does the tinnitus pitch correlate with the frequency of hearing loss?","volume":"141","author":"Yakunina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1044\/2021_AJA-20-00087","article-title":"The Relationship Between Tinnitus Pitch, Audiogram Edge Frequency, and Auditory Stream Segregation Abilities in Individuals with Tinnitus","volume":"30","author":"Jain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s00106-019-0633-7","article-title":"A multidisciplinary European guideline for tinnitus: Diagnostics, assessment, and treatment","volume":"67","author":"Cima","year":"2019","journal-title":"HNO"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1715975","article-title":"Prevalence and 5-year incidence of tinnitus among older adults: The epidemiology of hearing loss study","volume":"13","author":"Nondahl","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gasparre, D., Pepe, I., Laera, D., Abbatantuono, C., De Caro, M.F., Taurino, A., D\u2019Erasmo, D., Fanizzi, P., Antonucci, L.A., and Pantaleo, A. (2023). Cognitive functioning and psychosomatic syndromes in a subjective tinnitus sample. Front. Psychol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1256291"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1044\/2018_AJA-18-0046","article-title":"Tinnitus: How Partners Can Help?","volume":"28","author":"Mancini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1080\/14992027.2020.1804081","article-title":"A comparison of the severity of tinnitus in patients with and without hearing loss using the tinnitus functional index (TFI)","volume":"60","author":"Mahafza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"330","article-title":"Preferred Method For Clinical Determination Of Pure-Tone Thresholds","volume":"24","author":"Carhart","year":"1959","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(1995). Committee on Hearing and Equilibrium guidelines for the evaluation of results of treatment of conductive hearing loss. American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Foundation, Inc. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg., 113, 186\u2013187.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0194-5998(95)70103-6"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.3390\/audiolres11040053","article-title":"Audiometric Characteristics and Tinnitus Features in a Cohort of 170 Spanish Patients","volume":"11","author":"Cuesta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Audiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000465512","article-title":"Self-Administered Tinnitus Pitch Matching versus a Conventional Audiometric Procedure","volume":"22","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Audiol. Neurootol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2243","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-014-3138-8","article-title":"Hungarian adaptation of the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory: Reliability and validity","volume":"272","author":"Bencsik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1996.01890140029007","article-title":"Development of the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory","volume":"122","author":"Newman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e608","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1758216","article-title":"Correlation of Tinnitus Severity Index and Tinnitus Handicap Inventory with Hematological Parameters in Patients with Subjective Tinnitus","volume":"27","author":"Yazici","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-013-2375-6","article-title":"The relationship between tinnitus pitch and hearing sensitivity","volume":"271","author":"Shekhawat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1080\/14992020802581974","article-title":"The relationship between tinnitus pitch and the audiogram","volume":"48","author":"Pan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2010.01.003","article-title":"The relationship between tinnitus pitch and the edge frequency of the audiogram in individuals with hearing impairment and tonal tinnitus","volume":"261","author":"Moore","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.3109\/14992027.2014.979373","article-title":"Relationship between tinnitus pitch and edge of hearing loss in individuals with a narrow tinnitus bandwidth","volume":"54","author":"Sereda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schecklmann, M., Vielsmeier, V., Steffens, T., Landgrebe, M., Langguth, B., and Kleinjung, T. (2012). Relationship between Audiometric slope and tinnitus pitch in tinnitus patients: Insights into the mechanisms of tinnitus generation. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0034878"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2006.07.007","article-title":"Course of hearing loss and occurrence of tinnitus","volume":"221","author":"Schaette","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.3109\/14992027.2010.551221","article-title":"Re-examining the relationship between audiometric profile and tinnitus pitch","volume":"50","author":"Sereda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjorl.2018.05.006","article-title":"Tinnitus evaluation: Relationship between pitch matching and loudness, visual analog scale and tinnitus handicap inventory","volume":"85","author":"Nascimento","year":"2019","journal-title":"Braz. J. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-013-2876-3","article-title":"Changes over time of psychoacoustic outcome measurements are not a substitute for subjective outcome measurements in acute tinnitus","volume":"272","author":"Rabau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-022-07480-x","article-title":"Correlation between clinical characteristics and tinnitus severity in tinnitus patients of different sexes: An analytic retrospective study","volume":"280","author":"Yuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24647","article-title":"Age-related hearing loss: Why we need to think about sex as a biological variable","volume":"98","author":"Nolan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vanneste, S., Joos, K., and De Ridder, D. (2012). Prefrontal cortex based sex differences in tinnitus perception: Same tinnitus intensity, same tinnitus distress, different mood. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031182"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fioretti, A., Natalini, E., Riedl, D., Moschen, R., and Eibenstein, A. (2020). Gender Comparison of Psychological Comorbidities in Tinnitus Patients\u2014Results of a Cross-Sectional Study. Front. Neurosci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00704"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"41","article-title":"Morphological and functional study of the cochlea after administration of estrogen and progesterone in the guinea pig","volume":"7","author":"Bittar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. Tinnitus J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3178","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2083-19.2020","article-title":"Cortical Tonotopic Map Changes in Humans Are Larger in Hearing Loss Than in Additional Tinnitus","volume":"40","author":"Koops","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4687","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-021-07232-3","article-title":"Auditory brainstem response in unilateral tinnitus patients: Does symmetrical hearing thresholds and within-subject comparison affect responses?","volume":"279","author":"Sendesen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/23\/7261\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:42:21Z","timestamp":1760114541000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/23\/7261"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm13237261"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13237261","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]]}}}