{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T01:38:14Z","timestamp":1779154694004,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,30]],"date-time":"2024-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Twin pregnancies are at increased risk of morbidity and mortality compared to singletons. Among all twins, monochorionic pregnancies are at higher risk of specific and non-specific complications compared to dichorionic pregnancies. Therefore, it is of great importance to properly counsel future parents with monochorionic pregnancies regarding the risks of adverse outcomes and the modalities of monitoring and intervention of the potential complications. Conditions related to the monochorionicity include twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS), twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence (TRAP), and twin anemia polycythemia syndrome (TAPS); other complications include selective fetal growth restriction (sFGR) and congenital anomalies. This review aims to summarize the information available in the current literature regarding the complications in monochorionic diamniotic twin pregnancies, including outcomes and guideline recommendations about the clinical surveillance, management, and timing of interventions of these conditions that should be included in counselling in routine clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13237295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]],"date-time":"2024-12-03T11:48:56Z","timestamp":1733226536000},"page":"7295","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Counselling in Fetal Medicine: Complications of Monochorionic Diamniotic Twin Pregnancies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Sorrenti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal and Child Health and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2802-7670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asma","family":"Khalil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vascular Biology Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George\u2019s University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK"},{"name":"Fetal Medicine Unit, St George\u2019s Hospital, London SW17 0QT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"D\u2019Antonio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Fetal Care and High-Risk Pregnancy, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chieti, 66013 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3820-1030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"D\u2019Ambrosio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal and Child Health and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4223-3203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Zullo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal and Child Health and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"D\u2019Alberti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal and Child Health and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2500-4166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Derme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal and Child Health and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ilenia","family":"Mappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6560-3393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Di Mascio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal and Child Health and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5525-4353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Rizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal and Child Health and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Giancotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal and Child Health and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2021.100501","article-title":"Monochorionic diamniotic twin pregnancies","volume":"4","author":"Lewi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. MFM"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1067\/S0002-9378(03)00811-1","article-title":"Monoamniotic-versus diamniotic-monochorionic twin placentas: Anastomoses and twin-twin transfusion syndrome","volume":"189","author":"Umur","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1097\/GRF.0000000000000127","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Complicated Monochorionic Twins","volume":"58","author":"Moldenhauer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1382002","article-title":"Management of Complicated Monochorionic Twin Pregnancies","volume":"219","author":"Degenhardt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Z. Geburtshilfe Neonatol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.15821","article-title":"ISUOG Practice Guidelines: Role of ultrasound in twin pregnancy","volume":"47","author":"Khalil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.03.050","article-title":"The outcome of monochorionic diamniotic twin gestations in the era of invasive fetal therapy: A prospective cohort study","volume":"199","author":"Lewi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.05.029","article-title":"Congenital heart disease in twins: The contribution of type of conception and chorionicity","volume":"218","author":"Panagiotopoulou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.4411","article-title":"Congenital heart disease in monochorionic twins with and without twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome","volume":"34","author":"Springer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prenat. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1177\/1742271X18794013","article-title":"Ultrasound surveillance in twin pregnancy: An update for practitioners","volume":"26","author":"Townsend","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s41512-019-0054-9","article-title":"First-trimester ultrasound measurements and maternal serum biomarkers as prognostic factors in monochorionic twins: A cohort study","volume":"3","author":"Mackie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diagn. Progn. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.12430","article-title":"Crown-rump length discordance and adverse perinatal outcome in twins: Analysis of the Southwest Thames Obstetric Research Collaborative (STORK) multiple pregnancy cohort","volume":"41","author":"Khalil","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2018.05.008","article-title":"Early prognostic factors of outcomes in monochorionic twin pregnancy: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"219","author":"Mackie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.04.005","article-title":"The role of ultrasound examination in the first trimester and at 16 weeks\u2019 gestation to predict fetal complications in monochorionic diamniotic twin pregnancies","volume":"199","author":"Lewi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/den104","article-title":"Congenital anomalies in twins: A register-based study","volume":"23","author":"Glinianaia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gijtenbeek, M., Shirzada, M.R., Harkel, A.D.J.T., Oepkes, D., and Haak, M.C. (2019). Congenital Heart Defects in Monochorionic Twins: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8060902"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.1172","article-title":"Diagnosis and outcome of congenital heart disease in fetuses from multiple pregnancies","volume":"25","author":"Paladini","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prenat. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.2818","article-title":"Twin\u2013twin transfusion syndrome treated with laser surgery: Postnatal prevalence of congenital heart disease in surviving recipients and donors","volume":"31","author":"Pruetz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prenat. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.26224","article-title":"ISUOG Practice Guidelines (updated): Fetal cardiac screening","volume":"61","author":"Carvalho","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmp019","article-title":"Monozygotic twinning, cerebral palsy and congenital anomalies","volume":"15","author":"Pharoah","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1997.tb11048.x","article-title":"Management of twin pregnancies discordant for anencephaly","volume":"104","author":"Sebire","year":"1997","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.24888","article-title":"ISUOG Practice Guidelines (updated): Performance of the routine mid-trimester fetal ultrasound scan","volume":"59","author":"Salomon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.13017","article-title":"Sensitivity of first-trimester ultrasound in the detection of congenital anomalies in twin pregnancies: Population study and systematic review","volume":"95","author":"Familiari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.21938","article-title":"Diagnosis of fetal defects in twin pregnancies at routine 11\u201313-week ultrasound examination","volume":"55","author":"Syngelaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.08.039","article-title":"Umbilical cord occlusion for selective feticide in complicated monochorionic twins: A systematic review of literature","volume":"200","author":"Rossi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.26126","article-title":"Pregnancy and perinatal outcomes of early vs late selective termination in dichorionic twin pregnancy: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"61","author":"Sorrenti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2022.03.007","article-title":"What fetal medicine specialists should know about the monochorionic placenta","volume":"84","author":"Lewi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.12387","article-title":"Gestational age-specific reference ranges for amniotic fluid assessment in monochorionic diamniotic twin pregnancies","volume":"41","author":"DeKoninck","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.17443","article-title":"Modified diagnostic criteria for twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome prior to 18 weeks\u2019 gestation: Time to change?","volume":"49","author":"Khalil","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7200292","article-title":"Staging of Twin-Twin Transfusion Syndrome","volume":"19","author":"Quintero","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.22054","article-title":"Outcome of twin\u2013twin transfusion syndrome according to Quintero stage of disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"56","author":"Khalil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2007.06.055","article-title":"The twin-twin transfusion syndrome: Spectrum of cardiovascular abnormality and development of a cardiovascular score to assess severity of disease","volume":"197","author":"Rychik","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2012.10.880","article-title":"Twin-twin transfusion syndrome","volume":"208","author":"Simpson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.7713","article-title":"Evaluation of the CHOP cardiovascular score as a prognostic predictor of outcome in twin\u2013twin transfusion syndrome after laser coagulation of placental vessels in a prospective cohort","volume":"36","author":"Stirnemann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.10.008","article-title":"Outcomes of twin pregnancies complicated by prelabor rupture of membranes before 26 weeks of gestation: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"303","author":"Sorrenti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa032597","article-title":"Endoscopic Laser Surgery versus Serial Amnioreduction for Severe Twin-to-Twin Transfusion Syndrome","volume":"351","author":"Senat","year":"2004","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2010.08.054","article-title":"Long-term developmental follow-up of infants who participated in a randomized clinical trial of amniocentesis vs laser photocoagulation for the treatment of twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome","volume":"203","author":"Salomon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.5328","article-title":"Interventions for twin\u2013twin transfusion syndrome: A Cochrane review","volume":"31","author":"Roberts","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2012.11.027","article-title":"Fetoscopic laser therapy for twin-twin transfusion syndrome before 17 and after 26 weeks\u2019 gestation","volume":"208","author":"Baud","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2007.01337.x","article-title":"Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome after 26 weeks of gestation: Is there a role for fetoscopic laser surgery?","volume":"114","author":"Middeldorp","year":"2007","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.14806","article-title":"Perinatal outcomes following fetoscopic laser surgery for early twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"103","author":"Mustafa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1017\/thg.2016.33","article-title":"Evolution of Stage 1 Twin-to-Twin Transfusion Syndrome (TTTS): Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"19","author":"Khalil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Twin Res. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.11.031","article-title":"Intrauterine fetoscopic laser surgery versus expectant management in stage 1 twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome: An international randomized trial","volume":"224","author":"Stirnemann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.05.012","article-title":"Residual anastomoses in twin-twin transfusion syndrome after laser: The Solomon randomized trial","volume":"211","author":"Slaghekke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2005.08.069","article-title":"Prevalence and management of late fetal complications following successful selective laser coagulation of chorionic plate anastomoses in twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome","volume":"194","author":"Robyr","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spruijt, M.S., Lopriore, E., Tan, R.N., Slaghekke, F., Klumper, F.J., Middeldorp, J.M., and van Klink, J.M. (2019). Long-Term Neurodevelopmental Outcome in Twin-to-Twin Transfusion Syndrome: Is there still Room for Improvement?. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8081226"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.23591","article-title":"Call to action: Long-term neurodevelopment in monochorionic twins","volume":"58","author":"Khalil","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.27583","article-title":"Fetal and neonatal neuroimaging in twin\u2013twin transfusion syndrome","volume":"63","author":"Spruijt","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1080\/14767050701449638","article-title":"Incidence, mechanisms, and patterns of fetal cerebral lesions in twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Quarello","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Matern. Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.24895","article-title":"Incidence and outcome of prenatal brain abnormality in twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"60","author":"Sileo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2007.07.020","article-title":"A prospective, randomized, multicenter trial of amnioreduction vs selective fetoscopic laser photocoagulation for the treatment of severe twin-twin transfusion syndrome","volume":"197","author":"Crombleholme","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"20","article-title":"Antenatal Corticosteroids and Neonatal Outcomes in Twins","volume":"140","author":"Socha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.24899","article-title":"Atypical twin\u2013twin transfusion syndrome","volume":"60","author":"Khalil","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2006.01.010","article-title":"Twin Anemia\u2013Polycythemia Sequence in Two Monochorionic Twin Pairs Without Oligo-Polyhydramnios Sequence","volume":"28","author":"Lopriore","year":"2007","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1017\/thg.2016.18","article-title":"Twin Anemia Polycythemia Sequence: Current Views on Pathogenesis, Diagnostic Criteria, Perinatal Management, and Outcome","volume":"19","author":"Tollenaar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Twin Res. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.2453","article-title":"Hematological characteristics in neonates with twin anemia\u2013polycythemia sequence (TAPS)","volume":"30","author":"Lopriore","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prenat. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.20096","article-title":"Improved prediction of twin anemia\u2013polycythemia sequence by delta middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity: New antenatal classification system","volume":"53","author":"Tollenaar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.20116","article-title":"Role of fetal intertwin difference in middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity in predicting neonatal twin anemia\u2013polycythemia sequence","volume":"53","author":"Fonseca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Sainte Fare, A., Bedei, I., Wolter, A., Schenk, J., Widriani, E., Keil, C., Koehler, S., Bahlmann, F., Strizek, B., and Gembruch, U. (2022). The Value of Delta Middle Cerebral Artery Peak Systolic Velocity for the Prediction of Twin Anemia-Polycythemia Sequence\u2014Analysis of a Heterogenous Cohort of Monochorionic Twins. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11247541"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.21882","article-title":"Consensus diagnostic criteria and monitoring of twin anemia\u2013polycythemia sequence: Delphi procedure","volume":"56","author":"Khalil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.07.041","article-title":"Spontaneous twin anemia polycythemia sequence: Diagnosis, management, and outcome in an international cohort of 249 cases","volume":"224","author":"Tollenaar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.23585","article-title":"Perinatal outcome of pregnancy complicated by twin anemia\u2013polycythemia sequence: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"58","author":"Giorgione","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2022.03.012","article-title":"Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of twin anemia polycythemia sequence in monochorionic multiple gestations","volume":"84","author":"Baschat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23405","article-title":"Twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence is more common than generally accepted","volume":"103","author":"Vandenbussche","year":"2015","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res. Part A Clin. Mol. Teratol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.1269","article-title":"Acardiac anomaly: Current issues in prenatal assessment and treatment","volume":"25","author":"Wong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prenat. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S214254","article-title":"Twin Reversed Arterial Perfusion Sequence: Current Treatment Options","volume":"12","author":"Vitucci","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Womens Health"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23467","article-title":"Hypothesis acardiac twin pregnancies: Pathophysiology-based hypotheses suggest risk prediction by pump\/acardiac umbilical venous diameter ratios","volume":"106","author":"Pistorius","year":"2016","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res. Part A Clin. Mol. Teratol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2015-0165","article-title":"Intervention versus a conservative approach in the management of TRAP sequence: A systematic review","volume":"44","author":"Mone","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Perinat. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.12495","article-title":"Intrafetal laser treatment for twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence: Cohort study and meta-analysis","volume":"42","author":"Pagani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.04.022","article-title":"Clinical outcome and placental characteristics of monochorionic diamniotic twin pairs with early- and late-onset discordant growth","volume":"199","author":"Lewi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.20357","article-title":"Weight discordance and perinatal mortality in monoamniotic twin pregnancy: Analysis of MONOMONO, NorSTAMP and STORK multiple-pregnancy cohorts","volume":"55","author":"Saccone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.19013","article-title":"Consensus definition and essential reporting parameters of selective fetal growth restriction in twin pregnancy: A Delphi procedure","volume":"53","author":"Khalil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.4046","article-title":"A classification system for selective intrauterine growth restriction in monochorionic pregnancies according to umbilical artery Doppler flow in the smaller twin","volume":"30","author":"Lewi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.17362","article-title":"Outcome of monochorionic twin pregnancy with selective intrauterine growth restriction according to umbilical artery Doppler flow pattern of smaller twin: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"50","author":"Buca","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.20849","article-title":"Early- and late-onset selective fetal growth restriction in monochorionic diamniotic twin pregnancy: Natural history and diagnostic criteria","volume":"55","author":"Curado","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.19078","article-title":"Prediction of adverse pregnancy outcome in monochorionic diamniotic twin pregnancy complicated by selective fetal growth restriction","volume":"53","author":"Monaghan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.22181","article-title":"Controversies in the management of twin pregnancy","volume":"57","author":"Khalil","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashcroft, R., Woolfall, K., Prasad, S., and Khalil, A. (2024). Ethical considerations of a randomised controlled trial of fetal intervention versus expectant management in monochorionic twin pregnancies with early-onset selective fetal growth restriction. BJOG.","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.17776"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.17891","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of selective fetal growth restriction in monochorionic twin pregnancies: A cross-sectional international survey","volume":"131","author":"Prasad","year":"2024","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e080021","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-080021","article-title":"FERN: Is it possible to conduct a randomised controlled trial of intervention or expectant management for early-onset selective fetal growth restriction in monochorionic twin pregnancy\u2013protocol for a prospective multicentre mixed-methods feasibility study","volume":"14","author":"Khalil","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.20114","article-title":"Perinatal outcome of monochorionic twin pregnancy complicated by selective fetal growth restriction according to management: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"53","author":"Townsend","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.14722","article-title":"Single fetal demise in monochorionic pregnancies: Incidence and patterns of cerebral injury","volume":"45","author":"Steggerda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2020-0566","article-title":"Imaging diagnosis and legal implications of brain injury in survivors following single intrauterine fetal demise from monochorionic twins\u2013a review of the literature","volume":"49","author":"Cruciat","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Perinat. Med."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1097\/01.OGX.0000120165.52159.04","article-title":"Management of Single Fetal Demise in a Multiple Gestation","volume":"59","year":"2004","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Surv."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3279","article-title":"Diffusion MRI Findings in Monochorionic Twin Pregnancies after Intrauterine Fetal Death","volume":"34","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mappa, I., Di Mascio, D., Carbone, L., Lu, J.L.A., Sorrenti, S., Patelli, C., D\u2019amico, A., Matarrelli, B., Giuliani, G.A., and Neola, D. (2024). Sonographic Cortical Development and Anomalies in the Fetus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Biomedicines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12071397"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e31822f129d","article-title":"Co-Twin Prognosis After Single Fetal Death","volume":"118","author":"Hillman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.15530","article-title":"Prognosis of the co-twin following spontaneous single intrauterine fetal death in twin pregnancies: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"126","author":"Mackie","year":"2019","journal-title":"BJOG"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/23\/7295\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:43:27Z","timestamp":1760114607000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/23\/7295"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,30]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm13237295"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13237295","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,30]]}}}