{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T17:40:28Z","timestamp":1790098828609,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Lotteries Health New Zealand Translational Research Grant Funding","award":["PN3725156"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PN3725156"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiac rehabilitation, a multi-component intervention designed to mitigate the impact of cardiovascular disease, often underutilises low-intensity resistance exercise despite its potential benefits. This narrative review critically examines the mechanistic and clinical evidence supporting the incorporation of low-intensity resistance exercise into cardiac rehabilitation programmes. Research indicates that low-intensity resistance exercise induces hypertrophic adaptations by maximising muscle fibre activation through the size principle, effectively recruiting larger motor units as it approaches maximal effort. This activation promotes adaptation in both type I and II muscle fibres, resulting in comparable increases in myofibrillar protein synthesis and phosphorylation of key signalling proteins when compared to high-intensity resistance exercise. Low-intensity resistance exercise provides equivalent improvements in muscular strength and hypertrophy compared to high-intensity protocols while addressing barriers to participation, such as concerns about safety and logistical challenges. By facilitating engagement through a more accessible exercise modality, low-intensity resistance exercise might improve adherence rates and patient outcomes in cardiac rehabilitation. Additionally, the ability of low-intensity resistance exercise to address sarcopenia and frailty syndrome, significant determinants of cardiovascular disease progression, can enhance the recovery and overall quality of life for patients. This review establishes evidence-based recommendations for the inclusion of low-intensity resistance exercise in cardiac rehabilitation, offering a promising pathway to enhance the effectiveness of these programmes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13237338","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]],"date-time":"2024-12-03T11:48:56Z","timestamp":1733226536000},"page":"7338","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Low-Intensity Resistance Exercise in Cardiac Rehabilitation: A Narrative Review of Mechanistic Evidence and Clinical Implications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jemima","family":"Jansen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1631-1925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul W.","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6724-8997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jocelyne R.","family":"Benatar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand"},{"name":"Greenlane Cardiovascular Service, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Cross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney 2113, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2904-7172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tia K.","family":"Lindbom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1953-4067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Kingsley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand"},{"name":"Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2016.10.014","article-title":"Increasing Cardiac Rehabilitation Participation from 20% to 70%: A Road Map from the Million Hearts Cardiac Rehabilitation Collaborative","volume":"92","author":"Ades","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.10.044","article-title":"Exercise-Based Cardiac Rehabilitation for Coronary Heart Disease: Cochrane Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"67","author":"Anderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dalal, H.M., Doherty, P., and Taylor, R.S. (2015). Cardiac rehabilitation. BMJ, 351.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h5000"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1988.03410070073031","article-title":"Cardiac Rehabilitation After Myocardial Infarction: Combined Experience of Randomized Clinical Trials","volume":"260","author":"Oldridge","year":"1988","journal-title":"JAMA J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dibben, G., Faulkner, J., Oldridge, N., Rees, K., Thompson, D.R., Zwisler, A.D., and Taylor, R.S. (2021). Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for coronary heart disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 11.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001800.pub4"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjqcco\/qcab032","article-title":"Peak oxygen consumption achieved at the end of cardiac rehabilitation predicts long-term survival in patients with coronary heart disease","volume":"8","author":"Carbone","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Qual. Care Clin. Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.5218","article-title":"Effectiveness of Home-Based Mobile Guided Cardiac Rehabilitation as Alternative Strategy for Nonparticipation in Clinic-Based Cardiac Rehabilitation Among Elderly Patients in Europe. A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"6","author":"Snoek","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3415","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae177","article-title":"2024 ESC Guidelines for the management of chronic coronary syndromes: Developed by the task force for the management of chronic coronary syndromes of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Endorsed by the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS)","volume":"45","author":"Vrints","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Powell, R., McGregor, G., Ennis, S., Kimani, P.K., and Underwood, M. (2018). Is exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation effective? A systematic review and meta-analysis to re-examine the evidence. BMJ Open, 8.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-019656"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1249\/JSR.0b013e3181e7da73","article-title":"Uncomplicated resistance training and health-related outcomes: Evidence for a public health mandate","volume":"9","author":"Phillips","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Sport. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2022.01.004","article-title":"Resistance exercise for cardiac rehabilitation","volume":"70","author":"Kirkman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1097\/HJR.0b013e3282f5dbf5","article-title":"Combined endurance\/resistance training early on, after a first myocardial infarction, does not induce negative left ventricular remodelling","volume":"15","author":"Schmid","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Prev. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1097\/00008483-199801000-00005","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of weight training soon after acute myocardial infarction","volume":"18","author":"Stewart","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Cardiopulm. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, D., and Meng, J. (2019). Exercise for Prevention and Relief of Cardiovascular Disease: Prognoses, Mechanisms, and Approaches. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev., 2019.","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/3756750"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.12.076","article-title":"Implementing resistance training in the rehabilitation of coronary heart disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"230","author":"Xanthos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00154.2016","article-title":"Neither load nor systemic hormones determine resistance training-mediated hypertrophy or strength gains in resistance-trained young men","volume":"121","author":"Morton","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2954","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000958","article-title":"Effects of Low- vs. High-Load Resistance Training on Muscle Strength and Hypertrophy in Well-Trained Men","volume":"29","author":"Schoenfeld","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Green, D.J., and Smith, K.J. (2018). Effects of Exercise on Vascular Function, Structure, and Health in Humans. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a029819"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2011.02.008","article-title":"Cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training in secondary coronary heart disease prevention","volume":"53","author":"Lavie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-013-0110-5","article-title":"Differential effects of aerobic exercise, resistance training and combined exercise modalities on cholesterol and the lipid profile: Review, synthesis and recommendations","volume":"44","author":"Mann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sport. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nystoriak, M.A., and Bhatnagar, A. (2018). Cardiovascular Effects and Benefits of Exercise. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2018.00135"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1080\/14779072.2019.1651198","article-title":"Exercise training and cardiac rehabilitation in cardiovascular disease","volume":"17","author":"Kachur","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Cardiovasc. Ther."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.3109\/10409238.2012.694843","article-title":"The adipose tissue renin-angiotensin system and metabolic disorders: A review of molecular mechanisms","volume":"47","author":"Kalupahana","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huh, J.H., Park, S.W., Go, T.-H., Kang, D.R., Lee, S.-H., and Kim, J.-Y. (2022). Optimal Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels in Adults Without Diabetes Mellitus: A Nationwide Population-Based Study Including More than 4 Million Individuals from South Korea. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.812416"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung, E., Kong, S.Y., Ro, Y.S., Ryu, H.H., and Shin, S.D. (2022). Serum Cholesterol Levels and Risk of Cardiovascular Death: A Systematic Review and a Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19148272"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"e2","article-title":"Heart disease and stroke statistics\u20132012 update: A report from the American Heart Association","volume":"125","author":"Roger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, S.M., Wallace, E., O\u2019Dowd, T., and Fortin, M. (2021). Interventions for improving outcomes in patients with multimorbidity in primary care and community settings. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 1.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006560.pub4"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.5334\/gh.1170","article-title":"The Effect of Cardiac Rehabilitation on Lipid Levels in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"17","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Glob. Heart"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.59566\/IJBS.2016.12143","article-title":"Study of High Sensitive C-Reactive Protein (HS-CRP) After Cardiac Rehabilitation Program in Patients Undergoing Isolated CABG","volume":"12","author":"Azizinejad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Biomed. Sci. IJBS"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.93.2.210","article-title":"Physical training improves endothelial function in patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"93","author":"Hornig","year":"1996","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuertes-Kenneally, L., Manresa-Rocamora, A., Blasco-Peris, C., Ribeiro, F., Sempere-Ruiz, N., Sarabia, J.M., and Climent-Paya, V. (2023). Effects and Optimal Dose of Exercise on Endothelial Function in Patients with Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med. Open, 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-023-00553-z"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lanza, G.A., Golino, M., Villano, A., Lanza, O., Lamendola, P., Fusco, A., and Leggio, M. (2020). Cardiac Rehabilitation and Endothelial Function. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9082487"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"89","article-title":"Effect of exercise training on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system: A meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Man","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hum. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"zwad125.123","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwad125.123","article-title":"Influence of cardiac rehabilitation on blood pressure in patients with coronary artery disease","volume":"30","author":"Senesael","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heber, S., and Volf, I. (2015). Effects of Physical (In)activity on Platelet Function. BioMed Res. Int., 2015.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/165078"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198610163151602","article-title":"Platelet activation in unstable coronary disease","volume":"315","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"1986","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barale, C., Melchionda, E., Tempesta, G., Morotti, A., and Russo, I. (2023). Impact of Physical Exercise on Platelets: Focus on Its Effects in Metabolic Chronic Diseases. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12081609"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olsen, L.N., Fischer, M., Evans, P.A., Gliemann, L., and Hellsten, Y. (2021). Does Exercise Influence the Susceptibility to Arterial Thrombosis? An Integrative Perspective. Front. Physiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.636027"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2019-315130","article-title":"Effects of high-intensity interval training on platelet function in cardiac rehabilitation: A randomised controlled trial","volume":"106","author":"Heber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2016.163","article-title":"Neurohormonal activation in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction","volume":"14","author":"Hartupee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.37.112","article-title":"The treatment of heart failure: The role of neurohumoral activation","volume":"37","author":"Middlekauff","year":"1998","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1517\/13543784.17.9.1315","article-title":"Myocardial infarction, heart failure and sympathetic nervous system activity: New pharmacological approaches that affect neurohumoral activation","volume":"17","author":"Ciarka","year":"2008","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.4419","article-title":"Therapeutic angiogenesis for treating cardiovascular diseases","volume":"2","author":"Deveza","year":"2012","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.2147\/VHRM.S279322","article-title":"Heart Rate Variability and Cardiovascular Fitness: What We Know so Far","volume":"17","author":"Souza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vasc. Health Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-020-00687-0","article-title":"Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation and parasympathetic function in patients with coronary artery disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Auton. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Badrov, M.B., Wood, K.N., Lalande, S., Sawicki, C.P., Borrell, L.J., Barron, C.C., Vording, J.L., Fleischhauer, A., Suskin, N., and McGowan, C.L. (2019). Effects of 6 Months of Exercise-Based Cardiac Rehabilitation on Autonomic Function and Neuro-Cardiovascular Stress Reactivity in Coronary Artery Disease Patients. J. Am. Heart Assoc., 8.","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.012257"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heran, B.S., Chen, J.M., Ebrahim, S., Moxham, T., Oldridge, N., Rees, K., Thompson, D.R., and Taylor, R.S. (2011). Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for coronary heart disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 7.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001800.pub2"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sagar, V.A., Davies, E.J., Briscoe, S., Coats, A.J., Dalal, H.M., Lough, F., Rees, K., Singh, S., and Taylor, R.S. (2015). Exercise-based rehabilitation for heart failure: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Open Heart, 2.","DOI":"10.1136\/openhrt-2014-000163"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-021-00611-7","article-title":"The role of cardiac rehabilitation in improving cardiovascular outcomes","volume":"19","author":"Taylor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2329","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.21.2329","article-title":"Safety of exercise training for cardiac patients: Results of the French registry of complications during cardiac rehabilitation","volume":"166","author":"Pavy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1986.03380090100025","article-title":"Cardiovascular complications of outpatient cardiac rehabilitation programs","volume":"256","author":"Peterson","year":"1986","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.24130","article-title":"Factors associated with participation in cardiac rehabilitation in patients with acute myocardial infarction: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.08.120","article-title":"Participation and adherence to cardiac rehabilitation programs. A systematic review","volume":"223","author":"Raposeiras","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e217","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001189","article-title":"Resistance Exercise Training in Individuals With and Without Cardiovascular Disease: 2023 Update: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"149","author":"Paluch","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1177\/1741826710393197","article-title":"Effect of combined aerobic and resistance training versus aerobic training alone in individuals with coronary artery disease: A meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Marzolini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1097\/00008483-200103000-00007","article-title":"Effects of combined aerobic and resistance training versus aerobic training alone in cardiac rehabilitation","volume":"21","author":"Pierson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Cardiopulm. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2015.09.005","article-title":"Effects of resistance training on muscle strength, exercise capacity, and mobility in middle-aged and elderly patients with coronary artery disease: A meta-analysis","volume":"68","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.me.25.020174.002101","article-title":"Static (isometric) exercise and the heart: Physiological and clinical considerations","volume":"25","author":"Mitchell","year":"1974","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2010.04.060","article-title":"The effect of aerobic versus resistance exercise training on peak cardiac power output and physical functional capacity in patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"145","author":"Jakovljevic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.652859","article-title":"Endothelial function and dysfunction: Testing and clinical relevance","volume":"115","author":"Deanfield","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.821736","article-title":"Effects of different types of exercise training followed by detraining on endothelium-dependent dilation in patients with recent myocardial infarction","volume":"119","author":"Vona","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1097\/JCN.0b013e3181f29a46","article-title":"Resistance training improves vasoreactivity in end-stage heart failure patients on inotropic support","volume":"26","author":"Dean","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.12.1351","article-title":"Regular aerobic exercise prevents and restores age-related declines in endothelium-dependent vasodilation in healthy men","volume":"102","author":"DeSouza","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-023-01837-w","article-title":"Impact of Exercise Training Interventions on Flow-Mediated Dilation in Adults: An Umbrella Review","volume":"53","author":"Shivgulam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sport. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2016.01.033","article-title":"Relation of Muscle Mass and Fat Mass to Cardiovascular Disease Mortality","volume":"117","author":"Srikanthan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2016.07.009","article-title":"Muscle Mass and Body Fat in Relation to Cardiovascular Risk Estimation and Lipid-Lowering Eligibility","volume":"20","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Densitom. Off. J. Int. Soc. Clin. Densitom."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000002731","article-title":"Association Between Skeletal Muscle Mass and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Occupational Sedentary Population: A Cross-sectional Study","volume":"65","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Srikanthan, P., Horwich, T.B., Calfon Press, M., Gornbein, J., and Watson, K.E. (2021). Sex Differences in the Association of Body Composition and Cardiovascular Mortality. J. Am. Heart Assoc., 10.","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.017511"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruiz, J.R., Sui, X., Lobelo, F., Morrow, J.R., Jackson, A.W., Sj\u00f6str\u00f6m, M., and Blair, S.N. (2008). Association between muscular strength and mortality in men: Prospective cohort study. BMJ, 337.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.a439"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.5152\/AnatolJCardiol.2022.1586","article-title":"Muscular Strength in Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality: A Narrative Review","volume":"26","author":"Tole","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anatol. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.156851","article-title":"Independent and joint associations of grip strength and adiposity with all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in 403,199 adults: The UK Biobank study","volume":"106","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2008.10.010","article-title":"Impact of progressive resistance training on lipids and lipoproteins in adults: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"48","author":"Kelley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S1836-9553(10)70038-2","article-title":"Resistance training increases 6-minute walk distance in people with chronic heart failure: A systematic review","volume":"56","author":"Hwang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Physiother."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2007.07.158","article-title":"The 12-week progressive quadriceps resistance training improves muscle strength, exercise capacity and quality of life in patients with stable chronic heart failure","volume":"130","author":"Jankowska","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(91)90164-G","article-title":"Usefulness of weightlifting training in improving strength and maximal power output in coronary artery disease","volume":"67","author":"McCartney","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-0853","article-title":"Clinical benefits of the addition of lower extremity low-intensity resistance muscle training to early aerobic endurance training intervention in patients with coronary artery disease: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"43","author":"Hansen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00804.2001","article-title":"Effects of resistance training on physical function in older disabled women with coronary heart disease","volume":"92","author":"Brochu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000079044.21828.0E","article-title":"Resistance training on physical performance in disabled older female cardiac patients","volume":"35","author":"Ades","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sport. Exerc."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00360.2004","article-title":"Resistance training increases total daily energy expenditure in disabled older women with coronary heart disease","volume":"98","author":"Ades","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-0122","article-title":"Effect of aerobic vs. combined aerobic-strength training on 1-year, post-cardiac rehabilitation outcomes in women after a cardiac event","volume":"39","author":"Arthur","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e338","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwac063","article-title":"Effects of high- and low-load resistance training in patients with coronary artery disease: A randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"29","author":"Kambic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwad258","article-title":"Effects of low vs. moderate intense resistance exercise training combined with endurance exercise training in patients with heart failure: A randomized clinical trial\u2020","volume":"31","author":"Gojevic","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e92","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwae079","article-title":"High-load resistance training in cardiac rehabilitation: Is it time to debunk old clinical dogmas for a better clinical tomorrow?","volume":"31","author":"Hansen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-002-0681-6","article-title":"Muscular adaptations in response to three different resistance-training regimens: Specificity of repetition maximum training zones","volume":"88","author":"Campos","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4601","DOI":"10.1113\/JP278056","article-title":"Muscle fibre activation is unaffected by load and repetition duration when resistance exercise is performed to task failure","volume":"597","author":"Morton","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1126\/science.126.3287.1345","article-title":"Relation between size of neurons and their susceptibility to discharge","volume":"126","author":"Henneman","year":"1957","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marshall, P.W.M., Finn, H.T., and Siegler, J.C. (2015). The magnitude of peripheral muscle fatigue induced by high and low intensity single-joint exercise does not lead to central motor output reductions in resistance trained men. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0140108"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2021.01.007","article-title":"Effects of resistance training performed to repetition failure or non-failure on muscular strength and hypertrophy: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Grgic","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Sport Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burd, N.A., West, D.W., Staples, A.W., Atherton, P.J., Baker, J.M., Moore, D.R., Holwerda, A.M., Parise, G., Rennie, M.J., and Baker, S.K. (2010). Low-load high volume resistance exercise stimulates muscle protein synthesis more than high-load low volume resistance exercise in young men. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012033"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00307.2012","article-title":"Resistance exercise load does not determine training-mediated hypertrophic gains in young men","volume":"13","author":"Mitchell","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.91397.2008","article-title":"Nutritional and contractile regulation of human skeletal muscle protein synthesis and mTORC1 signaling","volume":"106","author":"Drummond","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003454","article-title":"Muscle Failure Promotes Greater Muscle Hypertrophy in Low-Load but Not in High-Load Resistance Training","volume":"36","author":"Lasevicius","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-018-0862-z","article-title":"The Importance of Muscular Strength: Training Considerations","volume":"48","author":"Suchomel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sport. Med."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2309","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01185.2001","article-title":"Neural adaptation to resistance training: Changes in evoked V-wave and H-reflex responses","volume":"92","author":"Aagaard","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.2009.01992.x","article-title":"The effect of strength training on the force of twitches evoked by corticospinal stimulation in humans","volume":"197","author":"Carroll","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Physiol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2648","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.13710","article-title":"Corticospinal responses following strength training: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"Kidgell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3508","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002200","article-title":"Strength and Hypertrophy Adaptations Between Low- vs. High-Load Resistance Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Schoenfeld","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2014.989922","article-title":"Muscular adaptations in low- versus high-load resistance training: A meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Schoenfeld","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487316657669","article-title":"A review of guidelines for cardiac rehabilitation exercise programmes: Is there an international consensus?","volume":"23","author":"Price","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215513481046","article-title":"Factors influencing participation in cardiac rehabilitation programmes after referral and initial attendance: Qualitative systematic review and meta-synthesis","volume":"27","author":"Clark","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"158","article-title":"An audit of phase II cardiac rehabilitation at Auckland hospital","volume":"113","author":"Parks","year":"2000","journal-title":"N. Z. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wleklik, M., Denfeld, Q., Lisiak, M., Czapla, M., Ka\u0142u\u017cna-Oleksy, M., and Uchmanowicz, I. (2022). Frailty Syndrome in Older Adults with Cardiovascular Diseases-What Do We Know and What Requires Further Research?. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19042234"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angulo, J., El Assar, M., \u00c1lvarez-Bustos, A., and Rodr\u00edguez-Ma\u00f1as, L. (2020). Physical activity and exercise: Strategies to manage frailty. Redox Biol., 35.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101513"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Curcio, F., Testa, G., Liguori, I., Papillo, M., Flocco, V., Panicara, V., Galizia, G., Della-Morte, D., Gargiulo, G., and Cacciatore, F. (2020). Sarcopenia and Heart Failure. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12010211"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.13121","article-title":"Skeletal muscle atrophy in heart failure with diabetes: From molecular mechanisms to clinical evidence","volume":"8","author":"Wood","year":"2021","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lena, A., Anker, M.S., and Springer, J. (2020). Muscle Wasting and Sarcopenia in Heart Failure-The Current State of Science. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21186549"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2018.10.015","article-title":"Effects of different types of exercise on skeletal muscle atrophy, antioxidant capacity and growth factors expression following myocardial infarction","volume":"213","author":"Cai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-020-00017-z","article-title":"The physical frailty syndrome as a transition from homeostatic symphony to cacophony","volume":"1","author":"Fried","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Aging"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M158","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/56.3.M158","article-title":"Associations of subclinical cardiovascular disease with frailty","volume":"56","author":"Newman","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.841437","article-title":"Frail Patients Are at Increased Risk for Mortality and Prolonged Institutional Care After Cardiac Surgery","volume":"121","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_111","first-page":"157","article-title":"Differences and overlap between sarcopenia and physical frailty in older community-dwelling Japanese","volume":"28","author":"Mori","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2010.08.009","article-title":"The frailty syndrome: Definition and natural history","volume":"27","author":"Xue","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Geriatr. Med."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2013.03.022","article-title":"Frailty consensus: A call to action","volume":"14","author":"Morley","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Sleen, Y., Shetty, S.A., van der Heiden, M., Venema, M.C.A., Guti\u00e9rrez-Melo, N., Toonen, E.J.M., van Beek, J., Buisman, A.M., van Baarle, D., and Sauce, D. (2023). Frailty is related to serum inflammageing markers: Results from the VITAL study. Immun. Ageing, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12979-023-00391-3"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-018-0059-4","article-title":"Inflammaging: A new immune\u2013metabolic viewpoint for age-related diseases","volume":"14","author":"Franceschi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ji, Y., Li, M., Chang, M., Liu, R., Qiu, J., Wang, K., Deng, C., Shen, Y., Zhu, J., and Wang, W. (2022). Inflammation: Roles in Skeletal Muscle Atrophy. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11091686"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1097\/01.bor.0000245722.10136.6d","article-title":"Inflammatory factors in age-related muscle wasting","volume":"18","author":"Roth","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2022.0007","article-title":"Effectiveness of Resistance Exercise on Inflammatory Biomarkers in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis","volume":"47","author":"Mesas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. J."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.4162\/nrp.2010.4.4.259","article-title":"Effects of resistance training on the inflammatory response","volume":"4","author":"Calle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mcleod, J.C., Stokes, T., and Phillips, S.M. (2019). Resistance Exercise Training as a Primary Countermeasure to Age-Related Chronic Disease. Front. Physiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00645"},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"7","article-title":"Neuromuscular Changes with Aging and Sarcopenia","volume":"8","author":"Clark","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Frailty Aging"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-019-1196-8","article-title":"Exercise Interventions for the Prevention and Treatment of Sarcopenia. A Systematic Umbrella Review","volume":"23","author":"Delaere","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2009.08.010","article-title":"Barriers to participation in cardiac rehabilitation","volume":"158","author":"Dunlay","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1080\/14779072.2020.1816464","article-title":"Current challenges in cardiac rehabilitation: Strategies to overcome social factors and attendance barriers","volume":"18","author":"Chindhy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Cardiovasc. Ther."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e69","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000663","article-title":"Home-Based Cardiac Rehabilitation: A Scientific Statement from the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation, the American Heart Association, and the American College of Cardiology","volume":"140","author":"Thomas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lima de Melo Ghisi, G., Pesah, E., Turk-Adawi, K., Supervia, M., Lopez Jimenez, F., and Grace, S.L. (2018). Cardiac Rehabilitation Models around the Globe. J. Clin. Med., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm7090260"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1123\/japa.2015-0289","article-title":"Motivators and Barriers for Older People Participating in Resistance Training: A Systematic Review","volume":"25","author":"Burton","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Aging Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bennie, J.A., Pedisic, Z., van Uffelen, J.G., Charity, M.J., Harvey, J.T., Banting, L.K., Vergeer, I., Biddle, S.J., and Eime, R.M. (2016). Pumping Iron in Australia: Prevalence, Trends and Sociodemographic Correlates of Muscle Strengthening Activity Participation from a National Sample of 195,926 Adults. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0153225"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2004.11.022","article-title":"The effect of resistance training on left ventricular function and structure of patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"105","author":"Levinger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perone, F., Bernardi, M., Redheuil, A., Mafrica, D., Conte, E., Spadafora, L., Ecarnot, F., Tokgozoglu, L., Santos-Gallego, C.G., and Kaiser, S.E. (2023). Role of Cardiovascular Imaging in Risk Assessment: Recent Advances, Gaps in Evidence, and Future Directions. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12175563"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.4103\/jcecho.jcecho_37_24","article-title":"Clinical Applications of Myocardial Work in Echocardiography: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"34","author":"Trimarchi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Echogr."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/23\/7338\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:45:03Z","timestamp":1760114703000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/23\/7338"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]]},"references-count":131,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm13237338"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13237338","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]]}}}