{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T15:19:33Z","timestamp":1791386373762,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]],"date-time":"2024-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Lichen planus (LP) is a chronic, recurrent mucocutaneous inflammatory disease that develops due to a disturbed immunological response triggered by endogenous and exogenous factors. To evaluate clinical presentation, demographic characteristics, and risk factors in a cohort of Polish patients with oral lichen planus (OLP). Methods: Medical records of 186 patients with OLP referred to the student outpatient clinic in Pozna\u0144 University of Medical Sciences from 2013 to 2023 were analyzed in order to establish clinical presentation, patient\u2019s demographic characteristics, and risk factors for OLP. We considered data regarding age, sex, medical history, habits, subjective complaints, clinical type, localization, histology, and treatment. Results: Patients with OLP constituted 20.1% of 887 admitted patients. Of the 186 patients with OLP, 130 (69.9%) were females and 56 (30.1%) were males. The average age at the diagnosis was 60.7 years (range 15\u201395 years). Only 24.2% of patients reported smoking. The most common intraoral presentation of OLP was reticular form (61.8%), followed by mixed erosive-bullous type (15%), and atrophic (6.4%). Pathologic lesions were most commonly located on buccal mucosa (89.2%) and tongue (58.6%). Subjective complaints included pain (48.4%), burning sensation (46.2%), xerostomia (25.3%), bleeding (10.2%), taste disturbance (4.8%), and excessive saliva production (3.8%), while 22.6% of OLP patients were asymptomatic. Conclusions: The most common type of OLP in Polish patients was reticular, developing mostly on the buccal mucosa and tongue. It was found most often in non-smoking middle-aged women. Subjective complaints were reported by over 77% of patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13237363","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]],"date-time":"2024-12-03T11:48:56Z","timestamp":1733226536000},"page":"7363","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Oral Lichen Planus: Clinical Presentation, Demographic Characteristics, and Risk Factors in a Retrospective Study of 186 Polish Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Zuzanna","family":"\u015alebioda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Surgery, Periodontology and Oral Mucosa Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 70 Bukowska St., 60-812 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Dro\u017cd\u017cy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Karpi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Krzy\u017caniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianna","family":"Kasperczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Tomo\u0144","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulina","family":"Wi\u015bniewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marzena Liliana","family":"Wyganowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Surgery, Periodontology and Oral Mucosa Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 70 Bukowska St., 60-812 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-016-1667-2","article-title":"Oral lichen planus: A literature review and update","volume":"308","author":"Alrashdan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/S1808-8694(15)31102-2","article-title":"Oral lichen planus: Clinical and histopathological considerations","volume":"74","author":"Sousa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Braz. J. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, J., Zhang, J., Zhang, Y., Lv, T., and Liu, J. (2016). The magnitude of the association between human papillomavirus and oral lichen planus: A meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161339"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S449","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_147_22","article-title":"PCR-based Evaluation of human papillomavirus genotypes in oral lichen planus","volume":"14","author":"Vijayan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.2010.00946.x","article-title":"Pathogenesis of oral lichen planus--a review","volume":"39","author":"Roopashree","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Oral. Pathol. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1002\/cre2.707","article-title":"The association between high-risk human papillomavirus and oral lichen planus","volume":"9","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lucchese, A., Di Stasio, D., Romano, A., Fiori, F., De Felice, G.P., Lajolo, C., Serpico, R., Cecchetti, F., and Petruzzi, M. (2022). Correlation between oral lichen planus and viral infections other than HCV: A systematic review. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11185487"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2010.11.007","article-title":"Oral lichen planus: Malignant transformation and human papillomavirus: A review of potential clinical implications","volume":"111","author":"Gorsky","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oral. Surgery Oral. Med. Oral. Pathol. Oral. Radiol. Endodontology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2005.01221.x","article-title":"Oral lichen planus: A retrospective study of 690 British patients","volume":"12","author":"Ingafou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Oral. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e255","DOI":"10.4317\/medoral.18940","article-title":"Oral lichen planus\u2014Retrospective study of 563 Croatian patients","volume":"19","author":"Budimir","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Oral. Patol. Oral. Cir. Bucal."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(91)90007-Y","article-title":"A prospective study of findings and management in 214 patients with oral lichen planus","volume":"72","author":"Silverman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Oral. Surg. Oral. Med. Oral. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radochov\u00e1, V., Koberov\u00e1 Ivan\u010dakov\u00e1, R., Heneberk, O., and Slez\u00e1k, R. (2021). The Characteristics of Patients with Oral Lichen Planus and Malignant Transformation-A Retrospective Study of 271 Patients. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18126525"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"e556","article-title":"A retrospective study of 171 patients with oral lichen planus in the East Bohemia\u2014Czech Republic\u2014Single center experience","volume":"6","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Dent."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.2010.00894.x","article-title":"A retrospective clinicopathological study of 550 patients with oral lichen planus in south-eastern Spain","volume":"39","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Oral. Pathol. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"E315","article-title":"Oral Lichen Planus: A retrospective study of 420 Iranian patients","volume":"14","author":"Pakfetrat","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Oral. Patol. Oral. Cir. Bucal."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s40368-017-0315-7","article-title":"Prevalence of oral lichen planus in Iranian children and adolescents: A 12-year retrospective study","volume":"18","author":"Bakhtiari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsushima, F., Sakurai, J., Uesugi, A., Oikawa, Y., Ohsako, T., Mochizuki, Y., Hirai, H., Kayamori, K., and Harada, H. (2021). Malignant transformation of oral lichen planus: A retrospective study of 565 Japanese patients. BMC Oral. Health, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-021-01652-7"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"495","article-title":"Oral Lichen Planus Lesion Assessment in Relation to General Health and Oral Symptoms","volume":"20","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Duc-Godziec, P. (2022). Objawy Kliniczne i Profil Proteinowy \u015aliny u Pacjent\u00f3w ze Zmianami Liszaja P\u0142askiego B\u0142ony \u015aluzowej Jamy Ustnej w Powi\u0105zaniu ze Stanem Og\u00f3lnym. [Doctoral Thesis, Uniwersytet Medyczny im. Piast\u00f3w \u015al\u0105skich]."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.26444\/aaem\/169166","article-title":"Oral lichen planus among patients from Lublin Region in relation to 25-hydroxy-vitamin D3 serum level","volume":"31","author":"Tyzo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"885","article-title":"Salivary oxidative status in patients with oral lichen planus","volume":"67","author":"Darczuk","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0714.2003.00125.x","article-title":"Lack of clinicopathologic correlation in the diagnosis of oral lichen planus based on the presently available diagnostic criteria and suggestions for modifications","volume":"32","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Oral. Pathol. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"513","article-title":"Diagnostic Criteria of Oral Lichen Planus: A Narrative Review","volume":"59","author":"Rotaru","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Clin. Croat."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.15430\/JCP.2016.21.1.55","article-title":"Epidemiology of Oral Lichen Planus in a Cohort of South Indian Population: A Retrospective Study","volume":"21","author":"Varghese","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14614","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000014614","article-title":"Correlation between clinical and pathological features of oral lichen planus: A retrospective observational study","volume":"98","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliveira Alves, M.G., Almeida, J.D., Balducci, I., and Guimar\u00e3es Cabral, L.A. (2010). Oral lichen planus: A retrospective study of 110 Brazilian patients. BMC Res. Notes, 3.","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-3-157"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"e29688","article-title":"Demographics, Clinicopathological Profile of Oral Lichen Planus of South Kerala Population: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"14","author":"Vijayan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.4103\/jispcd.JISPCD_103_17","article-title":"Clinicopathological Profile and Malignant Transformation in Oral Lichen Planus: A Retrospective Study","volume":"7","author":"Bandyopadhyay","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Prev. Community Dent."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-237X.114873","article-title":"Demographic and clinical profile of oral lichen planus: A retrospective study","volume":"4","author":"Munde","year":"2013","journal-title":"Contemp. Clin. Dent."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742826","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/742826","article-title":"Cutaneous and mucosal lichen planus: A comprehensive review of clinical subtypes, risk factors, diagnosis, and prognosis","volume":"2014","author":"Gorouhi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1470.1999.00074.x","article-title":"Childhood Lichen Planus: A report of fifty cases","volume":"16","author":"Sharma","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2009.03613.x","article-title":"Lichen Planus in childhood: Report of 100 cases","volume":"35","author":"Kanwar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1470.2009.01072.x","article-title":"Childhood Lichen Planus: Demographics of a US population","volume":"27","author":"Walton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"205","article-title":"Sex-based differences in autoimmune diseases","volume":"52","author":"Ortona","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Ist. Super. Sanita"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2187","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI78082","article-title":"Sexual dimorphism in autoimmunity","volume":"125","author":"Rubtsova","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Favero, V., Bacci, C., Volpato, A., Bandiera, M., Favero, L., and Zanette, G. (2021). Pregnancy and Dentistry: A Literature Review on Risk Management during Dental Surgical Procedures. Dent. J., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/dj9040046"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"435","article-title":"Incidence and treatment outcome of oral lichen planus in southeast Serbia in a 10-year period (1997\u20132007)","volume":"66","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vojnosanit. Pregl."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.25259\/IJDVL_130_20","article-title":"Desquamative gingivitis in dermatological disorders","volume":"87","author":"Ramesh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian. J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2009.01516.x","article-title":"Course of oral lichen planus: A retrospective study of 808 northern Italian patients","volume":"15","author":"Carbone","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oral. Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.4103\/jisp.jisp_142_18","article-title":"Grinspan syndrome with periodontitis: Coincidence or correlation?","volume":"22","author":"Goyal","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Indian. Soc. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"132","article-title":"Multiple autoimmune syndrome","volume":"5","author":"Cojocaru","year":"2010","journal-title":"Maedica"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12449","article-title":"The role of cigarette smoking in periodontal disease and treatment outcomes of dental implant therapy","volume":"90","author":"Apatzidou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Periodontol. 2000"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2228487","DOI":"10.1080\/15440478.2023.2228487","article-title":"Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum), Chamomile (Matricariae flos) and Marshmallow (Althaea officinalis) Mouth Rinses in the Therapy of Oral Mucosa Diseases\u2014A Review","volume":"20","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nat. Fibers"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/23\/7363\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:45:37Z","timestamp":1760114737000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/23\/7363"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm13237363"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13237363","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]]}}}