{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T20:07:46Z","timestamp":1783627666931,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,8]],"date-time":"2024-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: The epidemiological data regarding mortality rates of adults with sarcoidosis and non-ischemic cardiovascular disease (CVD) are limited. A retrospective observational analysis was conducted to identify trends and disparities related to sarcoidosis and non-ischemic cardiovascular disease mortality among the adult US population from 1999 to 2022. Methods: We used the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) WONDER database to extract death certificate data for the adult US population (\u226525 years). The age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMRs) per 100,000 persons were calculated, and annual percent changes (APCs) were determined using Joinpoint. Results: Between 1999 and 2022, 23,642 deaths were identified related to non-ischemic CVD + sarcoidosis. The overall AAMR increased from 0.2 (95% CI, 0.2 to 0.3) in 1999 to 0.5 (95% CI, 0.5 to 0.6) in 2022. Females had a higher AAMR than males (0.6 vs. 0.5). Non-Hispanic (NH) blacks had the highest AAMR, followed by NH whites and Hispanic or Latinos. The southern region had the highest AAMR (0.7: 95% CI, 0.6\u20130.7), followed by the Midwest (0.6, 95% CI, 0.54\u20130.669), the Northeast (0.5, 95% CI, 0.5 to 0.6), and the West (0.4; 95% CI, 0.3\u20130.4). Urban and rural areas had comparable mortality rates (0.5 vs. 0.6). People aged 65+ had the highest AAMRs. Conclusions: The overall mortality rates for non-ischemic CVD and sarcoidosis have increased in the US from 1999 to 2022. Females and NH blacks had higher AAMRs, while a minimal variation was observed based on geographical regions. Early diagnosis and prompt management are the keys to reducing the mortality burden of non-ischemic CVD plus sarcoidosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13237463","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]],"date-time":"2024-12-09T11:16:48Z","timestamp":1733743008000},"page":"7463","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Nationwide Cross-Sectional Analysis of Mortality Trends in Patients with Sarcoidosis and Non-Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease\u2014The Impact of Gender, Ethnicity, Geographical Location, and COVID-19 Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2814-7314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raheel","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Brompton Hospital, Part of Guy\u2019s and St. Thomas\u2019 NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6NP, UK"},{"name":"National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9872-8224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mushood","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Rawalpindi Medical University, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3448-9946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yehya","family":"Khlidj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Algiers 1, Algiers 16000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8302-2173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Obaid Ur","family":"Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Services Institute of Medical Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laith","family":"Al-Mukhtar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Plymouth, Plymouth PL6 8DH, UK"},{"name":"Royal Devon University Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noha","family":"Abou Khater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sheikh Shakhbout Medical City, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 11001, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7206-7915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed","family":"Khurram Mustaq Gardezi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sheikh Shakhbout Medical City, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 11001, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Rashid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Brompton Hospital, Part of Guy\u2019s and St. Thomas\u2019 NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6NP, UK"},{"name":"National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5608-4299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hritvik","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur 342000, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamleshun","family":"Ramphul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, Triolet 215000, Mauritius"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mudassar","family":"Baig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sunderland Royal Hospital, Sunderland SR4 7TP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anwar","family":"Chahal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellspan Clinic, York, PA 17403, USA"},{"name":"Mayo Clinic, Rochester, NY 13400, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2723-0928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasilis","family":"Kouranos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Brompton Hospital, Part of Guy\u2019s and St. Thomas\u2019 NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6NP, UK"},{"name":"National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nitish","family":"Behary Paray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Devon University Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9418-2655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rakesh","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Brompton Hospital, Part of Guy\u2019s and St. Thomas\u2019 NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6NP, UK"},{"name":"National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e007844","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.007844","article-title":"Hospitalization Rates, Prevalence of Cardiovascular Manifestations, and Outcomes Associated with Sarcoidosis in the United States","volume":"7","author":"Patel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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