{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T02:28:47Z","timestamp":1783391327060,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,8]],"date-time":"2024-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objective: The aim of our study is to comprehensively assess the diagnostic usefulness of serum hyaluronic acid (HA) determination in COVID-19 patients. Methods: The study group included 87 patients with COVID-19 disease and 45 healthy subjects. The HA concentration was measured using the immunochemical method. Results: The serum HA concentration was significantly higher in the COVID-19 patients before admission to hospital than that in the controls (p &lt; 0.001). Differences were found in HA levels between the groups categorized according to disease severity (p = 002), being significantly higher in patients with critical as compared to moderate disease severity (p &lt; 0.001). The HA concentration varied depending on the type of oxygen therapy (p = 0.004). It was significantly higher in patients on a ventilator than in those without oxygen therapy (p = 0.002). In patients who qualified for the steroid treatment and immunotherapy, the HA levels were significantly higher compared to those who did not qualify for such therapies (p = 0.043, p = 0.049, respectively). The HA levels were significantly higher in patients with cytokine storm compared to those without it (p &lt; 0.001) and were significantly more elevated in non-survivors than in survivors (p &lt; 0.001). HA had an excellent diagnostic power (AUC = 0.994) with sensitivity (83.3%) and specificity (97.8%) in identifying patients with critical disease severity and an excellent diagnostic power (AUC = 0.932) with sensitivity (88.2%) and specificity (95.6%) in identifying non-surviving patients. Conclusions: In summary, the results of our study indicate that HA is closely associated with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection and could be used as a novel serum biomarker to predict the risk of disease progression and as a predictor of COVID-19 mortality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13237471","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]],"date-time":"2024-12-09T11:16:48Z","timestamp":1733743008000},"page":"7471","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Diagnostic Usefulness of Serum Hyaluronic Acid in Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Bogdan","family":"Cylwik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kacper","family":"Gan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Internal Diseases, Provincial Welded Hospital, 15-278 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Kazberuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Internal Diseases, Provincial Welded Hospital, 15-278 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7702-5148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"Gruszewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4629-3879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anatol","family":"Panasiuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Internal Diseases, Provincial Welded Hospital, 15-278 Bialystok, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6701-1861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lech","family":"Chrostek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Severe features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1712187","article-title":"Epidemiology of COVID-19","volume":"11","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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