{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:50:53Z","timestamp":1787028653537,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]],"date-time":"2024-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001505","name":"Health Research Council of New Zealand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12-129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12-129"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001505","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001505","name":"Health Research Council of New Zealand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CHRF 5040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CHRF 5040"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001505","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001505","name":"Health Research Council of New Zealand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CHRF 5041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CHRF 5041"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001505","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Cure Kids Charitable Foundation, New Zealand","award":["12-129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12-129"]}]},{"name":"Cure Kids Charitable Foundation, New Zealand","award":["CHRF 5040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CHRF 5040"]}]},{"name":"Cure Kids Charitable Foundation, New Zealand","award":["CHRF 5041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CHRF 5041"]}]},{"name":"New Zealand Child Health Research Foundation (Cure Kids)","award":["12-129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12-129"]}]},{"name":"New Zealand Child Health Research Foundation (Cure Kids)","award":["CHRF 5040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CHRF 5040"]}]},{"name":"New Zealand Child Health Research Foundation (Cure Kids)","award":["CHRF 5041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CHRF 5041"]}]},{"name":"New Zealand Heart Foundation Fellowship","award":["12-129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12-129"]}]},{"name":"New Zealand Heart Foundation Fellowship","award":["CHRF 5040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CHRF 5040"]}]},{"name":"New Zealand Heart Foundation Fellowship","award":["CHRF 5041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CHRF 5041"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Children born with a very low birthweight (VLBW; &lt;1500 g) and\/or very preterm (VPT; &lt;32 weeks) are at increased risk of mental health problems, but adult data are inconsistent. Objectives: We examined the prevalence of a range of mental health disorders in a national cohort of adults born with a VLBW, as well as associations between gestational age and mental health outcomes. Methods: All infants born with a VLBW in New Zealand in 1986 were followed prospectively from birth. The 12-month prevalence of mental health outcomes, in addition to substance use and violent\/property offending were assessed at a median age of 28 years in this cohort relative to 100 full-term (FT) controls. Outcomes were assessed using structured interview methods. Results: There was a modest increase in the overall rate of mental health problems in VLBW adults compared to controls (ARR 1.33 [95% CI 0.83, 2.12]), reflecting slightly higher rates of anxiety disorders, notably agoraphobia (ARR 2.98 [0.64, 13.85]), social phobia (ARR 1.61 [0.71, 3.65]), and suicidal ideation\/attempt (ARR 1.66 [0.45, 6.08]), but not depression (ARR 1.02 [0.57, 1.81]). There were no clear differences in substance use\/offending outcomes. VLBW individuals born extremely preterm (&lt;28 weeks) were most vulnerable to later mental health problems relative to controls (overall rate of mental health problems ARR 1.54 [0.86, 2.73]). Effect sizes for any anxiety disorder were also higher for VLBW females than VLBW males compared to same-sex controls. Conclusions: This population-based longitudinal cohort study showed that adults born preterm with a VLBW reported more mental health problems than FT controls; however, this difference was small. Pooled analyses involving larger sample sizes are needed, but findings suggest only modest individual and public health impacts of preterm birth on adult mental health functioning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13247591","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]],"date-time":"2024-12-13T05:55:45Z","timestamp":1734069345000},"page":"7591","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Mental Health Outcomes of a National Cohort of Adults Born with Very Low Birthweight"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Georgina L.","family":"Moody","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand"},{"name":"Specialist Mental Health Services, Te Whatu Ora Waitaha, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Horwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1265-4453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah L.","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Specialist Mental Health Services, Te Whatu Ora Waitaha, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian A.","family":"Darlow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7790-1435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lianne J.","family":"Woodward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canterbury Child Development Research Group, School of Health Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00878-4","article-title":"National, regional, and global estimates of preterm birth in 2020, with trends from 2010: A systematic analysis","volume":"402","author":"Ohuma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2015.2175","article-title":"Prognostic factors for poor cognitive development in children born very preterm or with very low birth weight: A systematic review","volume":"169","author":"Linsell","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2463","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329171100081X","article-title":"Prevalence of psychiatric diagnoses in preterm and full-term children, adolescents and young adults: A meta-analysis","volume":"41","author":"Burnett","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2013.11.004","article-title":"Growing up after extremely preterm birth: Lifespan mental health outcomes","volume":"19","author":"Johnson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e318212faa0","article-title":"Preterm birth and childhood psychiatric disorders","volume":"69","author":"Johnson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2013.01.014","article-title":"Behavioural outcomes and psychopathology during adolescence","volume":"89","author":"Johnson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F445","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2003.038943","article-title":"Psychiatric symptoms and disorders in adolescents with low birth weight","volume":"89","author":"Indredavik","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.2107","article-title":"Preterm birth and mortality and morbidity: A population-based quasi-experimental study","volume":"70","author":"Class","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60136-1","article-title":"An overview of mortality and sequelae of preterm birth from infancy to adulthood","volume":"371","author":"Saigal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-0608","article-title":"Preterm cognitive function into adulthood","volume":"136","author":"Breeman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.14649","article-title":"Perinatal and childhood predictors of general cognitive outcome at 28 years in a very low birth weight national cohort","volume":"62","author":"Darlow","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12891","article-title":"Self-reported executive function abilities in adults born at very low birthweight","volume":"36","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e211058","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2021.1058","article-title":"Intelligence of very preterm\/very low birthweight individuals in adulthood and its antecedents: An IPD meta-analysis","volume":"175","author":"Eves","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101216","article-title":"Psychiatric disorders in individuals born very preterm\/very low-birth weight: An individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis","volume":"42","author":"Anderson","year":"2021","journal-title":"eClinicalMedine"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-021-01929-1","article-title":"ADHD symptoms and diagnosis in adult preterms: Systematic review, IPD meta-analysis, and register-linkage study","volume":"93","author":"Robinson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5227","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291722002276","article-title":"Mental health in young adults born extremely preterm or extremely low birthweight with contemporary neonatal intensive care","volume":"53","author":"Burnett","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20171645","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-1645","article-title":"Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and very preterm\/very low birth weight: A meta-analysis","volume":"141","author":"Franz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2020.101113","article-title":"Mental health outcomes of adults born very preterm or with very low birth weight: A systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Robinson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.113.139014","article-title":"Low birth weight, preterm birth and small for gestational age association with adult depression: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"205","author":"Horta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2114913","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.14913","article-title":"Rates of Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Gestational Age at Birth in a Danish Population","volume":"4","author":"Xia","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2010.100","article-title":"Birth weight, schizophrenia, and adult mental disorder: Is risk confined to the smallest babies?","volume":"67","author":"Abel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1374","article-title":"Preterm birth and psychiatric disorders in young adult life","volume":"69","author":"Nosarti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyq103","article-title":"Preterm birth and psychiatric medication prescription in young adulthood: A Swedish national cohort study","volume":"39","author":"Crump","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.4174","article-title":"Preterm births and use of medication in early adulthood: A population-based registry study","volume":"26","author":"Engeland","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1521","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-2024","article-title":"Psychosocial Outcomes of Young Adults Born Very Low Birth Weight","volume":"132","author":"Darlow","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"World Health Organization (1993). Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14263","article-title":"Adverse adult consequences of different alcohol use patterns in adolescence: An integrative analysis of data to age 30 years from four Australasian cohorts","volume":"113","author":"Silins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X1301300304","article-title":"Computing adjusted risk ratios and risk differences in Stata","volume":"13","author":"Norton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stata J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-2607","article-title":"Sensitivity analysis in observational research: Introducing the E-value","volume":"167","author":"VanderWeele","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F128","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.87.2.F128","article-title":"Population based, controlled study of behavioural problems and psychiatric disorders in low birthweight children at 11 years of age","volume":"87","author":"Elgein","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00916545","article-title":"The social competence of very-low-birthweight children: Teacher, peer, and self-perceptions","volume":"20","author":"Hoy","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000091","article-title":"Mental health of extremely low birth weight survivors: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"143","author":"Mathewson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00004703-200102000-00001","article-title":"Mediators of behavioral problems in 7-year-old children born after 24 to 28 weeks of gestation","volume":"22","author":"Nadeau","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12783","article-title":"Social development of children born very preterm: A systematic review","volume":"57","author":"Ritchie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2003-1017-L","article-title":"Behavioral outcomes and evidence of psychopathology among very low birth weight infants at age 20 years","volume":"114","author":"Hack","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2008.08010085","article-title":"Very low birth weight and behavioral symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in young adulthood: The Helsinki Study of Very-Low-Birth-Weight Adults","volume":"165","author":"Pesonen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20162690","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-2690","article-title":"Self-reported mental health problems among adults born preterm: A meta-analysis","volume":"139","author":"Wolford","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12886","article-title":"Little evidence for long-term harm from antenatal corticosteroids in a population-based very low birthweight young adult cohort","volume":"36","author":"Darlow","year":"2022","journal-title":"Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/nlab024","article-title":"Fundamentals of the development of connectivity in the human fetal brain in late gestation: From 24 weeks gestational age to term","volume":"80","author":"Krsnik","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"tgac028","DOI":"10.1093\/texcom\/tgac028","article-title":"Amygdala subnuclei volumes, functional connectivity, and social-emotional outcomes in children born very preterm","volume":"3","author":"Mueller","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex Commun."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.101626","article-title":"Amygdala functional connectivity is associated with social impairments in preterm born young adults","volume":"21","author":"Johns","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s11689-017-9206-9","article-title":"Social brain circuitry and social cognition in infants born preterm","volume":"9","author":"Fenoglio","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurodev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12784","article-title":"Annual research review: Early adversity, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis, and child psychopathology","volume":"59","author":"Koss","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coemr.2020.07.010","article-title":"Developmental programming and the HPA-axis","volume":"13","author":"Martin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Endocr. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3922\/j.psns.2011.2.008","article-title":"Early life stress, HPA axis, and depression","volume":"4","author":"Tofoli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, S.Y., Kim, A.R., and Jun, J.E. (2022). Attachment and relationship-based interventions during NICU hospitalization for families with preterm\/low-birth weight infants: A systematic review of RCT data. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031126"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruiz, N., Piskernik, B., Witting, A., Fuiko, R., and Ahnert, L. (2018). Parent-child attachment in children born preterm and at term: A multigroup analysis. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0202972"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.14859","article-title":"Mental health, neurodevelopmental, and family psychosocial profiles of children born very preterm at risk of an early-onset anxiety disorder","volume":"63","author":"Morris","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.10.060","article-title":"Metabolic Syndrome in Very Low Birth Weight Young Adults and Controls: The New Zealand 1986 VLBW Study","volume":"206","author":"Darlow","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/24\/7591\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:54:17Z","timestamp":1760115257000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/24\/7591"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm13247591"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13247591","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]]}}}