{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T02:29:46Z","timestamp":1792808986568,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]],"date-time":"2024-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Endometriosis is a systemic, inflammatory, estrogen-dependent condition characterized by endometrial stroma and gland-like lesions outside of the uterus. It causes a range of symptoms, notably chronic pelvic pain, infertility and organ dysfunction. Thoracic endometriosis syndrome (TES) has been described as endometriosis that is found in the lung parenchyma, pleura and diaphragm. It may be asymptomatic or present with symptoms of catamenial pneumothorax, hemothorax, hemoptysis, isolated chest pain, shoulder pain or findings of lung nodules. Aim: The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of thoracic endometriosis syndrome (TES), including its clinical presentation, diagnostic challenges, and current management strategies. This review aims to highlight the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in the treatment of TES, emphasizing conservative management and the role of minimally invasive surgical techniques for refractory cases. Conclusions: Thoracic endometriosis syndrome appears to be a marker of severe endometriosis. As much as possible, the patient with TES is managed conservatively, with surgery reserved for refractory cases. When surgery is recommended, the procedure is conducted through a multidisciplinary minimally invasive approach, with video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) and video-assisted laparoscopy. Meticulous intraoperative survey, the removal of endometriosis implants with and without robotic assistance and post-operative hormonal therapy may be recommended to prevent recurrence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13247602","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]],"date-time":"2024-12-13T08:10:47Z","timestamp":1734077447000},"page":"7602","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Thoracic Endometriosis Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review and Multidisciplinary Approach to Management"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2360-5147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camran","family":"Nezhat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center For Special Minimally Invasive and Robotic Surgery, Camran Nezhat Institute, Woodside, CA 94061, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikki","family":"Amirlatifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center For Special Minimally Invasive and Robotic Surgery, Camran Nezhat Institute, Woodside, CA 94061, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8501-5353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zahra","family":"Najmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center For Special Minimally Invasive and Robotic Surgery, Camran Nezhat Institute, Woodside, CA 94061, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angie","family":"Tsuei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center For Special Minimally Invasive and Robotic Surgery, Camran Nezhat Institute, Woodside, CA 94061, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1810764","article-title":"Endometriosis","volume":"382","author":"Zondervan","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. 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