{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T17:15:02Z","timestamp":1790961302896,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]],"date-time":"2024-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Elucis software (Realize Medical, Ottawa, ON, Canada)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are the most common congenital defect, occurring in approximately 1 in 100 live births and being a leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality. Of note, approximately 25% of these defects are classified as critical, requiring immediate postnatal care by pediatric cardiology and neonatal cardiac surgery teams. Consequently, early and accurate diagnosis of CHD is key to proper prenatal and postnatal monitoring in a tertiary care setting. In this scenario, fetal echocardiography is considered the gold standard imaging ultrasound method for the diagnosis of CHD. However, the availability of this examination in clinical practice remains limited due to the need for a qualified specialist in pediatric cardiology. Moreover, in light of the relatively low prevalence of CHD among at-risk populations (approximately 10%), ultrasound cardiac screening for potential cardiac anomalies during routine second-trimester obstetric ultrasound scans represents a pivotal aspect of diagnosing CHD. In order to maximize the accuracy of CHD diagnoses, the views of the ventricular outflow tract and the superior mediastinum were added to the four-chamber view of the fetal heart for routine ultrasound screening according to international guidelines. In this context, four-dimensional spatio-temporal image correlation software (STIC) was developed in the early 2000s. Some of the advantages of STIC in fetal cardiac evaluation include the enrichment of anatomical details of fetal cardiac images in the absence of the pregnant woman and the ability to send volumes for analysis by an expert in fetal cardiology by an internet link. Sequentially, new technologies have been developed, such as fetal intelligent navigation echocardiography (FINE), also known as \u201c5D heart\u201d, in which the nine fetal cardiac views recommended during a fetal echocardiogram are automatically generated from the acquisition of a cardiac volume. Furthermore, artificial intelligence (AI) has recently emerged as a promising technological innovation, offering the potential to warn of possible cardiac anomalies and thus increase the ability of non-cardiology specialists to diagnose CHD. In the early 2010s, the advent of 3D reconstruction software combined with high-definition printers enabled the virtual and 3D physical reconstruction of the fetal heart. The 3D physical models may improve parental counseling of fetal CHD, maternal\u2013fetal interaction in cases of blind pregnant women, and interactive discussions among multidisciplinary health teams. In addition, the 3D physical and virtual models can be an useful tool for teaching cardiovascular anatomy and to optimize surgical planning, enabling simulation rooms for surgical procedures. Therefore, in this review, the authors discuss advanced image technologies that may optimize prenatal diagnoses of CHDs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13247605","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]],"date-time":"2024-12-13T08:10:47Z","timestamp":1734077447000},"page":"7605","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Three-Dimensional Ultrasound for Physical and Virtual Fetal Heart Models: Current Status and Future Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1491-4877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathalie Jeanne","family":"Bravo-Valenzuela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Cardiology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcela Castro","family":"Giffoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fetal Medicine, Biodesign Laboratory DASA\/PUC, Rio de Janeiro 22453-900, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8639-5677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline de Oliveira","family":"Nieblas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Woman Health, Municipal University of S\u00e3o Caetano do Sul (USCS), S\u00e3o Caetano do Sul 09521-160, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8620-7293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heron","family":"Werner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fetal Medicine, Biodesign Laboratory DASA\/PUC, Rio de Janeiro 22453-900, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Tonni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Neonatology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), AUSL Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0318-9390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberta","family":"Granese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, \u201cG. Martino\u201d University Hospital, 98100 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis Fl\u00e1vio","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Radiology and Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6145-2532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward","family":"Araujo J\u00fanior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Woman Health, Municipal University of S\u00e3o Caetano do Sul (USCS), S\u00e3o Caetano do Sul 09521-160, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP), S\u00e3o Paulo 04023-062, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyz009","article-title":"Global birth prevalence of congenital heart defects 1970-2017: Updated systematic review and meta-analysis of 260 studies","volume":"48","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. 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