{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T01:36:41Z","timestamp":1792892201811,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":211,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]],"date-time":"2024-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gout is the most common form of inflammatory arthritis, caused by the deposition of monosodium urate crystals in the joints due to elevated serum uric acid levels. Its prevalence and associated healthcare burden have been rising in recent decades, a trend expected to continue. It is crucial to recognize that gout and hyperuricemia are not merely causes of painful joint flares, but systemic metabolic disorders linked to a broad spectrum of comorbidities such as cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease, diabetes, insulin resistance, steatotic liver disease, osteoarthritis, and respiratory and eye diseases. Numerous risk factors for gout and hyperuricemia have been identified, with recent research uncovering further associations with other conditions. To optimize patient outcomes, gout and hyperuricemia must be addressed through a holistic approach that accounts for these risk factors while providing comprehensive management of related comorbidities affecting various organ systems. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the risk factors, comorbidities, and clinical implications of gout and hyperuricemia. Future research should focus on improving patient outcomes by tailoring treatments individually and addressing the underlying metabolic comorbidities of gout with multimodal treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13247616","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]],"date-time":"2024-12-16T12:09:28Z","timestamp":1734350968000},"page":"7616","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Gout and Hyperuricemia: A Narrative Review of Their Comorbidities and Clinical Implications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Janis","family":"Timsans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, P\u00e4ij\u00e4t-H\u00e4me Central Hospital, Wellbeing Services County of P\u00e4ij\u00e4t-H\u00e4me, 15850 Lahti, Finland"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33100 Tampere, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8835-8116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antti","family":"Palom\u00e4ki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Turku University Hospital, 20521 Turku, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7421-734X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markku","family":"Kauppi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, P\u00e4ij\u00e4t-H\u00e4me Central Hospital, Wellbeing Services County of P\u00e4ij\u00e4t-H\u00e4me, 15850 Lahti, Finland"},{"name":"Clinicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.04.008","article-title":"Gout epidemiology and comorbidities","volume":"50","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin. 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