{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T12:19:46Z","timestamp":1790079586791,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":202,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]],"date-time":"2024-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ocular diseases such as cataract, refractive error, age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy significantly impact vision and quality of life worldwide. Despite advances in conventional treatments, challenges like limited bioavailability, poor patient compliance, and invasive administration methods hinder their effectiveness. Nanomedicine offers a promising solution by enhancing drug delivery to targeted ocular tissues, enabling sustained release, and improving therapeutic outcomes. This review explores the journey of nanomedicine from bench to bedside, focusing on key nanotechnology platforms, preclinical models, and case studies of successful clinical translation. It addresses critical challenges, including pharmacokinetics, regulatory hurdles, and manufacturing scalability, which must be overcome for successful market entry. Additionally, this review highlights safety considerations, current marketed and FDA-approved nanomedicine products, and emerging trends such as gene therapy and personalized approaches. By providing a comprehensive overview of the current landscape and future directions, this article aims to guide researchers, clinicians, and industry stakeholders in advancing the clinical application of nanomedicine in ophthalmology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13247651","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T03:46:02Z","timestamp":1734407162000},"page":"7651","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Nanomedicine in Ophthalmology: From Bench to Bedside"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1095-9050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Binapani","family":"Mahaling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1495-7690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Namrata","family":"Baruah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2879-5031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aumreetam","family":"Dinabandhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e130","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30425-3","article-title":"Trends in prevalence of blindness and distance and near vision impairment over 30 years: An analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"9","author":"Bourne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. 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