{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T00:58:30Z","timestamp":1771462710790,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Madrid Government (Comunidad de Madrid-Spain) under the Multiannual Agreement with Universidad Complutense de Madrid in the line Excellence Programme for university teaching staff, in the context of the V PRICIT (Regional Programme of Research and Technological Innovation)","award":["970970"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["970970"]}]},{"name":"Madrid Government (Comunidad de Madrid-Spain) under the Multiannual Agreement with Universidad Complutense de Madrid in the line Excellence Programme for university teaching staff, in the context of the V PRICIT (Regional Programme of Research and Technological Innovation)","award":["PI20\/00118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI20\/00118"]}]},{"name":"Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Epidemiolog\u00eda de las Enfermedades Cr\u00f3nicas de Alta Prevalencia en Espa\u00f1a","award":["970970"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["970970"]}]},{"name":"Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Epidemiolog\u00eda de las Enfermedades Cr\u00f3nicas de Alta Prevalencia en Espa\u00f1a","award":["PI20\/00118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI20\/00118"]}]},{"name":"the FIS (Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias\u2014Health Research Fund, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), and co-financed by the European Union through the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER, \u201cUna manera de hacer Europa\u201d)","award":["970970"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["970970"]}]},{"name":"the FIS (Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias\u2014Health Research Fund, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), and co-financed by the European Union through the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER, \u201cUna manera de hacer Europa\u201d)","award":["PI20\/00118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI20\/00118"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The objective of this study was to compare trends in the incidence of deliveries and in obstetric interventions and outcomes in women with and without type 1 diabetes (T1DM), type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and gestational diabetes (GDM). Methods: This was an observational study using the Spanish National Hospital Discharge Database (2016\u20132022). Results: A total of 1,995,953 deliveries were recorded between 2016 and 2022 (6495 mothers with T1DM, 5449 with T2DM, and 124,172 with GDM). The incidence of T1DM and GDM increased over time, although it remained stable in women with T2DM. Women with T2DM were more likely to have obstetric comorbid conditions (72.93%) than women with GDM (63.04%), women with T1DM (59.62%), and women who did not have diabetes (45.3%). Pre-eclampsia, previous cesarean delivery, and arterial hypertension were the most prevalent conditions in all types of diabetes. The highest frequency of cesarean delivery was recorded for women with T1DM (55.04%), followed by women with T2DM (44.94%), and those with GDM (28.13%). The probability of cesarean delivery was 2.38, 1.79, and 1.19 times greater for T1DM, T2DM, and GDM, respectively, than for women who did not have diabetes. The adjusted rate for severe maternal morbidity was significantly higher for women with T1DM (RR 2.31; 95%CI 2.02\u20132.63) and T2DM (RR 1.58; 95%CI 1.34\u20131.87) than for women without diabetes. Conclusions: The incidence of deliveries in women with T2DM remained unchanged between 2016 and 2022; the incidence of deliveries increased in women with T1DM and GDM. The prevalence of comorbidity and obstetric factors increased over time in women with T1DM and GDM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13247740","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T11:17:22Z","timestamp":1734520642000},"page":"7740","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Pregnancy Outcomes and Maternal Characteristics in Women with Pregestational and Gestational Diabetes: A Population-Based Study in Spain, 2016\u20132022"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5551-5181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"L\u00f3pez-de-Andr\u00e9s","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health & Maternal and Child Health, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5906-9393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Jimenez-Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health & Maternal and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9897-4847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Carabantes-Alarcon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health & Maternal and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7509-1953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natividad","family":"Cuadrado-Corrales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health & Maternal and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"Bodas-Pinedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health & Maternal and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6837-7718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Moreno-Sierra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Jimenez-Sierra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Universidad San Pablo Ceu, 28668 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 J.","family":"Zamorano-Leon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health & Maternal and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e067946","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2021-067946","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus and adverse pregnancy outcomes: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"377","author":"Ye","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108625","article-title":"The absolute and relative risk of type 2 diabetes after gestational diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 129 studies","volume":"171","author":"Dennison","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. 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