{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T10:18:51Z","timestamp":1790245131297,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Right ventricular pacing is an effective and safe treatment option for patients experiencing symptomatic bradycardia. However, some individuals may develop left ventricular dysfunction as a consequence. Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15), which is not present in a healthy adult heart, is upregulated in cardiomyocytes in response to various stress stimuli. This study aimed to explore the potential of GDF-15 as a biomarker for chronic right ventricular pacing. Methods: This single-center cross-sectional cohort study analyzed data from 265 consecutive patients (60.4% male) with either single- or dual-chamber pacemakers, all lacking pre-existing heart failure, who attended the outpatient department for routine follow-up. Chronic right ventricular (RV) pacing was defined as pacing exceeding 40% over the past year. Serum samples were collected, and GDF-15 levels were measured using a commercially available immunoassay (R&amp;D Systems Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA). Student\u2019s t-test was utilized to assess group differences, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was employed to evaluate diagnostic performance. Results: When stratifying patients by pacing burden, GDF-15 levels were significantly higher in those with pacing over 40% compared to those with 40% or less (789 \u00b1 293 pg\/mL vs. 1186 \u00b1 592 pg\/mL; p &lt; 0.001). The ROC analysis indicated that GDF-15 serves as a marker for chronic RV pacing, yielding an area under the curve of 0.713 (95% confidence interval 0.650\u20130.776; p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: This study suggests that GDF-15 may be a valuable biomarker for chronic right ventricular pacing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13247748","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T08:04:14Z","timestamp":1734595454000},"page":"7748","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Growth Differentiation Factor 15 as a Marker for Chronic Ventricular Pacing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Christoph","family":"Edlinger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Heart Center Brandenburg, 16321 Bernau bei Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Brandenburg Medical School (MHB) \u201cTheodor Fontane\u201d, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany"},{"name":"Clinic of Internal Medicine II, Department of Cardiology, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marwin","family":"Bannehr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Heart Center Brandenburg, 16321 Bernau bei Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Brandenburg Medical School (MHB) \u201cTheodor Fontane\u201d, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Lichtenauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Internal Medicine II, Department of Cardiology, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4743-3220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vera","family":"Paar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Internal Medicine II, Department of Cardiology, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulina","family":"Jankowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Heart Center Brandenburg, 16321 Bernau bei Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Brandenburg Medical School (MHB) \u201cTheodor Fontane\u201d, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2674-3796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurenz","family":"Hauptmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Internal Medicine II, Department of Cardiology, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uta C.","family":"Hoppe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Internal Medicine II, Department of Cardiology, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Butter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Heart Center Brandenburg, 16321 Bernau bei Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Brandenburg Medical School (MHB) \u201cTheodor Fontane\u201d, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2277-2880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christiana","family":"Schernthaner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Internal Medicine II, Department of Cardiology, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3427","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab364","article-title":"2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy","volume":"42","author":"Glikson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. 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