{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T20:13:14Z","timestamp":1791490394398,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":150,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,21]],"date-time":"2024-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Catheter-related thrombosis (CRT) is a frequent and potentially serious complication associated with the widespread use of intravascular devices such as central venous catheters, including peripherally inserted central catheters and implantable port systems, pacemakers or implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. Although CRT management has been informed by guidelines extrapolated from lower extremity deep vein thrombosis (DVT), unique challenges remain due to the distinct anatomical, pathophysiological, and clinical characteristics of upper extremity DVT. Risk factors for CRT are multifactorial, encompassing patient-related characteristics such as cancer, prior venous thromboembolism, and infection, as well as catheter-specific factors like device type, lumens, and insertion site. The diagnosis of CRT relies primarily on ultrasonography; however, computed tomography angiography and magnetic resonance imaging play a complementary role, particularly in anatomically challenging cases or when complications such as pulmonary embolism or superior vena cava syndrome are suspected. Treatment strategies for CRT include anticoagulation, catheter removal when feasible, and, in select cases, local thrombolysis or catheter-directed interventions. Anticoagulation remains the cornerstone of therapy, with direct oral anticoagulants increasingly favored due to their safety profile and efficacy. This article provides a detailed review of CRT, focusing on clinical features, diagnostic methods, and treatment strategies while addressing specific challenges in managing pacemaker and hemodialysis catheter-related thrombosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13247818","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]],"date-time":"2024-12-23T10:58:55Z","timestamp":1734951535000},"page":"7818","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["A Comprehensive Review of Catheter-Related Thrombosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8627-304X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"L\u00f3pez-Rubio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Venous Thromboembolism Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, 28007 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Sanitary Research Institute Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, 28009 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4445-7697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta-Olimpia","family":"Lago-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Venous Thromboembolism Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, 28007 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Sanitary Research Institute Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, 28009 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6094-1633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luc\u00eda","family":"Ordieres-Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Venous Thromboembolism Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, 28007 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Sanitary Research Institute Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, 28009 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4731-749X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Crhistian-Mario","family":"Oblitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Venous Thromboembolism Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, 28007 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4907-728X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Morag\u00f3n-Ledesma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Venous Thromboembolism Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, 28007 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Sanitary Research Institute Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, 28009 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rub\u00e9n","family":"Alonso-Beato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Venous Thromboembolism Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, 28007 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Sanitary Research Institute Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, 28009 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis-Antonio","family":"Alvarez-Sala-Walther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Venous Thromboembolism Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, 28007 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Sanitary Research Institute Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, 28009 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1321-6866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Galeano-Valle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Venous Thromboembolism Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, 28007 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Sanitary Research Institute Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, 28009 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Capobianco, S.M., Fahmy, M.W., and Sicari, V. (2024). Anatomy, Thorax, Subclavian Veins. StatPearls [Internet], StatPearls Publishing. Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK532885\/."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"210","article-title":"Comparison between upper and lower extremity deep vein thrombosis: A single-center prospective study","volume":"220","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Clin. Esp."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2020.01.017","article-title":"Central venous catheter-related thrombosis in children and adults","volume":"187","author":"Ahuja","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-016-1900-7","article-title":"Review of evolving etiologies, implications and treatment strategies for the superior vena cava syndrome","volume":"5","author":"Straka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Springerplus"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1676611","article-title":"Characteristics and Management of Patients with Venous Thromboembolism: The GARFIELD-VTE Registry","volume":"119","author":"Ageno","year":"2019","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"244","article-title":"Deep Vein Thrombosis or the Upper Extremity","volume":"114","author":"Heil","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dtsch. Arztebl. Int."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14311","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.14311","article-title":"Catheter-related deep vein thrombosis: Where are we at and where are we going? Updates and ongoing unmet clinical needs","volume":"55","author":"Girardi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1181","article-title":"Cancer-Associated Venous Thromboembolic Disease, Version 2.2021, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology","volume":"19","author":"Streiff","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Natl. Compr. Cancer Netw."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4229","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac244","article-title":"2022 ESC Guidelines on cardio-oncology developed in collaboration with the European Hematology Association (EHA), the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (ESTRO) and the International Cardio-Oncology Society (IC-OS)","volume":"43","author":"Lyon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2020003442","article-title":"American Society of Hematology 2021 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: Prevention and treatment in patients with cancer","volume":"5","author":"Lyman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2022.12.014","article-title":"Venous thromboembolism in cancer patients: ESMO Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"34","author":"Falanga","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e334","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(22)00160-7","article-title":"2022 international clinical practice guidelines for the treatment and prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer, including patients with COVID-19","volume":"23","author":"Farge","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1177\/1076029616663847","article-title":"Comparisons Between Upper and Lower Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis: A Review of the RIETE Registry","volume":"23","author":"Cote","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Appl. Thromb. Hemost."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2019.02.029","article-title":"Deep vein thrombosis in upper extremities: Clinical characteristics, management strategies and long-term outcomes from the COMMAND VTE Registry","volume":"177","author":"Yamashita","year":"2019","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000142289.94369.D7","article-title":"Upper-extremity deep vein thrombosis: A prospective registry of 592 patients","volume":"110","author":"Joffe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2018.07.012","article-title":"\u00c9pid\u00e9miologie des thromboses veineuses des membres sup\u00e9rieurs: \u00c9tude r\u00e9trospective de 160 thromboses aigu\u00ebs","volume":"40","author":"Drouin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Interne"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2018.194951","article-title":"Incidence of upper-extremity deep vein thrombosis in western France: A community-based study","volume":"104","author":"Delluc","year":"2019","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.5301\/jva.5000239","article-title":"Peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC)-related thrombosis in critically ill patients","volume":"15","author":"Zochios","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Access"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2015.01.027","article-title":"Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter-associated Deep Vein Thrombosis: A Narrative Review","volume":"128","author":"Fallouh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2727","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-08-693671","article-title":"How I treat central venous access device-related upper extremity deep vein thrombosis","volume":"125","author":"Rajasekhar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60220-8","article-title":"Management of occlusion and thrombosis associated with long-term indwelling central venous catheters","volume":"374","author":"Baskin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.03.5600","article-title":"Incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of catheter-related thrombosis in adult patients with cancer","volume":"24","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1160\/TH12-05-0352","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of upper extremity deep-vein thrombosis in adults","volume":"108","author":"Grant","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-011-2418-7","article-title":"Risk factors associated with peripherally inserted central venous catheter-related large vein thrombosis in neurological intensive care patients","volume":"38","author":"Wilson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8","DOI":"10.1200\/JOP.2012.000595","article-title":"Upper extremity venous thrombosis in patients with cancer with peripherally inserted central venous catheters: A retrospective analysis of risk factors","volume":"9","author":"Ahn","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Oncol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.22546\/73\/4217","article-title":"Superior and inferior vena cava syndrome","volume":"85","year":"2024","journal-title":"Galicia Clin."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2018.02.039","article-title":"Management of tunneled-cuffed catheter-related right atrial thrombosis in hemodialysis patients","volume":"68","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2005.05.029","article-title":"The post-thrombotic syndrome after upper extremity deep venous thrombosis in adults: A systematic review","volume":"117","author":"Elman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2017.07.002","article-title":"Epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of catheter-related thrombosis in children and adults","volume":"157","author":"Jaffray","year":"2017","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2010.04126.x","article-title":"Risk factors for catheter-related thrombosis (CRT) in cancer patients: A patient-level data (IPD) meta-analysis of clinical trials and prospective studies","volume":"9","author":"Saber","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.01.018","article-title":"Risk factors associated with catheter-related venous thrombosis: A meta-analysis","volume":"205","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1086\/339808","article-title":"Venous thrombosis associated with peripherally inserted central catheters: A retrospective analysis of the Cleveland Clinic experience","volume":"34","author":"Chemaly","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300060518820744","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060518820744","article-title":"Risk factors associated with peripherally inserted central catheter-related venous thrombosis in hospitalized patients of advanced age","volume":"48","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.13794","article-title":"The Michigan Risk Score to predict peripherally inserted central catheter-associated thrombosis","volume":"15","author":"Chopra","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1002\/jhm.442","article-title":"Risk of venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patients with peripherally inserted central catheters","volume":"4","author":"Lobo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"201","article-title":"The contribution of factor V Leiden and prothrombin G20210A mutation to the risk of central venous catheter-related thrombosis","volume":"89","author":"Rosendaal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s12959-023-00574-4","article-title":"Risk factors for peripherally inserted central catheter-related venous thrombosis in adult patients with cancer","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Thromb. J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hapgood, G., Hill, K., Okano, S., Abro, E., Looke, D., Kennedy, G., Pavilion, G., Van Kuilenburg, R., Geary, A., and Joubert, W. (J. Thromb. Haemost., 2024). Catheter-related thrombosis in adults with cancer: A secondary analysis of a prospective randomised controlled trial, J. Thromb. Haemost., online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2024.11.002"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2310","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V122.21.2310.2310","article-title":"Treatment of cancer-associated thrombosis","volume":"122","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s11239-015-1175-9","article-title":"A systematic review of patient-related risk factors for catheter-related thrombosis","volume":"40","author":"Leung","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Thrombolysis"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-023-07855-8","article-title":"Clinical factors of PICC-RVT in cancer patients: A meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1177\/1076029615595880","article-title":"Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter-Related Vein Thrombosis in Patients with Lung Cancer","volume":"23","author":"Kang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Appl. Thromb. Hemost."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2012.02.048","article-title":"Incidence and predictive factors of symptomatic thrombosis related to peripherally inserted central catheters in chemotherapy patients","volume":"130","author":"Aw","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.12549","article-title":"Peripherally inserted central catheter-related deep vein thrombosis: Contemporary patterns and predictors","volume":"12","author":"Chopra","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"20170560","article-title":"ABO blood group related venous thrombosis risk in patients with peripherally inserted central catheters","volume":"91","author":"Koo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.12227","article-title":"Risk factors associated with PICC-related upper extremity venous thrombosis in cancer patients","volume":"23","author":"Yi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s12959-017-0148-y","article-title":"The risk of venous thromboembolism associated with peripherally inserted central catheters in ambulant cancer patients","volume":"15","author":"Jones","year":"2017","journal-title":"Thromb. J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, G., Chen, S., Peng, S., Yao, N., Hu, J., Xu, L., Chen, t., Wang, J., Huang, X., and Zhang, J. (J. Thromb. Thrombolysis, 2024). Construction and validation of a nomogram prediction model for the catheter-related thrombosis risk of central venous access devices in patients with cancer: A prospective machine learning study, J. Thromb. Thrombolysis, online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11239-024-03045-3"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3345","article-title":"Thrombosis as an intravascular effector of innate immunity","volume":"13","author":"Engelmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1177\/10998004241252468","article-title":"Association Between Systemic Immune Inflammation Indexes and DVT in Patients with Malignancy Requiring PICC Insertion","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol. Res. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.5301\/jva.5000039","article-title":"Risk factors for upper extremity venous thrombosis associated with peripherally inserted central venous catheters","volume":"13","author":"Marnejon","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Access"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00700-15","article-title":"Large Cohort Study of Central Venous Catheter Thrombosis during Intravenous Antibiotic Therapy","volume":"60","author":"Guillet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2732","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.1201","article-title":"Incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of central venous catheter-related thromboembolism in breast cancer patients: The CAVECCAS study","volume":"6","author":"Debourdeau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"71","article-title":"Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters and Upper Extremity Deep Venous Thrombosis: Incidence and Risk Factors","volume":"5","author":"Batayneh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2637","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S311669","article-title":"Predictable Risk Factors of Upper-Extremity Deep Venous Thrombosis in a Level I Trauma Center","volume":"14","author":"Tohme","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Gen. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2007.02823.x","article-title":"Association between inherited thrombophilic abnormalities and central venous catheter thrombosis in patients with cancer: A meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Dentali","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050312120929238","DOI":"10.1177\/2050312120929238","article-title":"Risk factors for peripherally inserted central catheter line-related deep venous thrombosis in critically ill intensive care unit patients","volume":"8","author":"Bhargava","year":"2020","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.3109\/10428190309178770","article-title":"Central venous catheter-related complications in patients with hematological malignancies: A retrospective analysis of risk factors and prophylactic measures","volume":"44","author":"Cortelezzia","year":"2003","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1177\/03008916221111419","article-title":"Central venous catheters-related-thrombosis and risk factors in oncological patients: A retrospective evaluation of recent risk scores","volume":"109","author":"Taglialatela","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tumori"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, L., Li, W., Chen, C., Wei, A., and Liu, Y. (2023). Peripherally inserted central catheters versus implantable port catheters for cancer patients: A meta-analysis. Front. Oncol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1228092"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8577","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-022-07297-8","article-title":"Catheter-related thrombosis (CRT) in patients with solid tumors: A narrative review and clinical guidance for daily care","volume":"30","author":"Laguna","year":"2022","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-010-2043-x","article-title":"Peripherally inserted central venous catheters and central venous catheters related thrombosis in post-critical patients","volume":"37","author":"Bonizzoli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60592-9","article-title":"Risk of venous thromboembolism associated with peripherally inserted central catheters: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"382","author":"Chopra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Puri, A., Dai, H., Giri, M., Wu, C., Huang, H., and Zhao, Q. (2022). The incidence and risk of venous thromboembolism associated with peripherally inserted central venous catheters in hospitalized patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.917572"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-03-837153","article-title":"Cancer-associated thrombosis in patients with implanted ports: A prospective multicenter French cohort study (ONCOCIP)","volume":"132","author":"Decousus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.01.038","article-title":"Clinical impact of peripherally inserted central catheters vs implanted port catheters in patients with cancer: An open-label, randomised, two-centre trial","volume":"122","author":"Taxbro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179554920983097","DOI":"10.1177\/1179554920953097","article-title":"Central Venous Catheter Thrombosis in Cancer: A Multi-Centre Retrospective Study investigating Risk Factors and Contemporary Ttrends in Management","volume":"14","author":"Haggstrom","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Med. Insights Oncol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.5492\/wjccm.v12.i3.130","article-title":"Upper extremity deep vein thrombosis: An intensivist\u2019s perspective","volume":"12","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1177\/11297298211009361","article-title":"Risk factors for catheter related thrombosis during outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy","volume":"23","author":"Ingram","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Access"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjspcare-2019-002106","article-title":"Central catheter-associated deep vein thrombosis in cancer: Clinical course, prophylaxis, treatment","volume":"11","author":"Marin","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Support. Palliat. Care"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2010.03771.x","article-title":"Accuracy of diagnostic tests for clinically suspected upper extremity deep vein thrombosis: A systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Bossuyt","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.162.4.401","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of upper extremity deep vein thrombosis: A systematic review","volume":"162","author":"Mustafa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-136-12-200206180-00007","article-title":"Prospective study of color duplex ultrasonography compared with contrast venography in patients suspected of having deep venous thrombosis of the upper extremities","volume":"136","author":"Baarslag","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3665","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2003.08.008","article-title":"Venous thromboembolism associated with long-term use of central venous catheters in cancer patients","volume":"21","author":"Verso","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e351S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-2299","article-title":"Diagnosis of DVT: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"141","author":"Bates","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2003.4.3.146","article-title":"Role of CT venography in the diagnosis and treatment of benign thoracic central venous obstruction","volume":"4","author":"Kim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Korean J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2010.08543.x","article-title":"Guideline on the investigation, management and prevention of venous thrombosis in children","volume":"154","author":"Chambers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mbc.0000220248.04789.79","article-title":"Limited usefulness of D-dimer in suspected deep vein thrombosis of the upper extremities","volume":"17","author":"Merminod","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2020.02.009","article-title":"Predictive value of D-dimer testing for the diagnosis of venous thrombosis in unusual locations: A systematic review","volume":"189","author":"Kremers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"253","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and presentation form in patients with venous thromboembolism and negative or weakly positive D-dimer","volume":"160","author":"Oblitas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. Clin."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1160\/TH05-06-0426","article-title":"D-dimer, P-selectin, and microparticles: Novel markers to predict deep venous thrombosis. A pilot study","volume":"94","author":"Rectenwald","year":"2005","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1177\/1076029611405032","article-title":"Evaluation of soluble P-selectin as a marker for the diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis","volume":"17","author":"Ramacciotti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Appl. Thromb. Hemost."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/ejh.14218","article-title":"Evaluation of soluble P-selectin as a predictive biomarker in acute symptomatic pulmonary embolism: Insights from a prospective observational study","volume":"113","author":"Oblitas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1160\/TH07-08-0485","article-title":"A clinical prediction score for upper extremity deep venous thrombosis","volume":"99","author":"Constans","year":"2008","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.07-1432","article-title":"Clinical outcome of patients with upper-extremity deep vein thrombosis: Results from the RIETE Registry","volume":"133","author":"Mismetti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2007.02613.x","article-title":"A pilot study of central venous catheter survival in cancer patients using low-molecular-weight heparin (dalteparin) and warfarin without catheter removal for the treatment of upper extremity deep vein thrombosis (The Catheter Study)","volume":"5","author":"Kovacs","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2483","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.23479","article-title":"Thromboprophylaxis for patients with cancer and central venous catheters: A systematic review and a meta-analysis","volume":"112","author":"Akl","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2020.09.023","article-title":"Editor\u2019s Choice\u2014European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) 2021 Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Management of Venous Thrombosis","volume":"61","author":"Kakkos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"369","article-title":"Anticoagulants for the prevention and treatment of catheter-related thrombosis in adults and children on parenteral nutrition: A systematic review and critical appraisal","volume":"15","author":"Barco","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood Transfus."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2877","DOI":"10.1007\/s12094-024-03605-2","article-title":"SEOM clinical guidelines on venous thromboembolism (VTE) and cancer (2023)","volume":"26","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2017.04.003","article-title":"A prospective study of Rivaroxaban for central venous catheter associated upper extremity deep vein thrombosis in cancer patients (Catheter 2)","volume":"162","author":"Davies","year":"2018","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2022-159135","article-title":"A Prospective Study of Apixaban for Central Venous Catheter Associated Upper Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis in Cancer Patients: Catheter 3","volume":"140","author":"Kovacs","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Porfidia, A., Camm\u00e0, G., Coletta, N., Bigossi, M., Giarretta, I., Lupascu, A., Scaletta, G., Porceddu, E., Tondi, P., and Scambia, G. (2022). A Single Center Retrospective Cohort Study Comparing Different Anticoagulants for the Treatment of Catheter-Related Thrombosis of the Upper Extremities in Women with Gynecologic and Breast Cancer. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.880698"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.25820","article-title":"Treatment of upper extremity deep vein thrombosis with apixaban and rivaroxaban","volume":"95","author":"Houghton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2015.03.002","article-title":"A RIETE registry analysis of recurrent thromboembolism and hemorrhage in patients with catheter-related thrombosis","volume":"3","author":"Cote","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg. Venous Lymphat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0049-3848(03)00093-8","article-title":"Treatment of subclavian-axillary vein thrombosis: Long-term outcome of anticoagulation versus systemic thrombolysis","volume":"108","author":"Sabeti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2293","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-010-1771-1","article-title":"Catheter-directed thrombolytic therapy for thoracic deep vein thrombosis is safe and effective in selected patients with and without cancer","volume":"20","author":"Maleux","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1177\/107602969900500106","article-title":"Regional thrombolysis with urokinase for central venous catheter-related thrombosis in patients undergoing high-dose chemotherapy with autologous blood stem cell rescue","volume":"5","author":"Schindler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Appl. Thromb. Hemost."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s12928-014-0314-0","article-title":"Real clinical practice of catheter therapy for deep venous thrombosis: Periprocedural and 6-month outcomes from the EDO registry","volume":"30","author":"Mizuno","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Interv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1016\/S1051-0443(07)61861-2","article-title":"Endovascular management of venous thrombotic disease of the upper torso and extremities","volume":"13","author":"Sharafuddin","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2014.3415","article-title":"Comparative outcomes of catheter-directed thrombolysis plus anticoagulation vs anticoagulation alone to treat lower-extremity proximal deep vein thrombosis","volume":"174","author":"Bashir","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2009.03464.x","article-title":"Catheter-directed thrombolysis vs. anticoagulant therapy alone in deep vein thrombosis: Results of an open randomized, controlled trial reporting on short-term patency","volume":"7","author":"Enden","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdel-Razeq, H., and Al-Jaghbeer, M.J. (2024). Primary Thromboprophylaxis for the Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism in Cancer Patients with Central Venous Catheters: A Literature Review. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13061660"},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"CD006468","article-title":"Anticoagulation for people with cancer and central venous catheters","volume":"6","author":"Kahale","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1408861","article-title":"Anticoagulation for central venous catheters in patients with cancer","volume":"371","author":"Aglietta","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Eng. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2021.10.012","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of primary thromboprophylaxis for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer and a central venous catheter: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"208","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2022.05.014","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of apixaban for primary prevention of thromboembolism in patients with cancer and a central venous catheter: A subgroup analysis of the AVERT Trial","volume":"216","author":"Brandt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12517","DOI":"10.1002\/rth2.12517","article-title":"Thromboprophylaxis with rivaroxaban in patients with malignancy and central venous lines (TRIM-Line): A two-center open-label pilot randomized controlled trial","volume":"5","author":"Ikesaka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. Pract. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.123.319692","article-title":"Factor XI Inhibition for the Prevention of Catheter-Associated Thrombosis in Patients with Cancer Undergoing Central Line Placement: A Phase 2 Clinical Trial","volume":"44","author":"Pfeffer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvn.2023.06.003","article-title":"Preventive effect of aspirin on peripherally inserted central catheter-related vein thrombosis in patients with malignant tumors","volume":"41","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.19.01461","article-title":"Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis and Treatment in Patients with Cancer: ASCO Clinical Practice Guideline Update","volume":"38","author":"Key","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dujizer, D., De Winter, M.A., Nijkeuter, M., Tuinenburg, A., and Westerink, J. (2021). Upper Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis and Asymptomatic Vein Occlusion in Patients with Transvenous Leads: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.698336"},{"key":"ref_113","first-page":"139","article-title":"Upper extremity deep venous thrombosis and stenosis after implantation of pacemakers and defibrillators; A prospective study","volume":"55","author":"Safi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rom. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1159\/000007018","article-title":"Transvenous pacing lead-induced thrombosis: A series of cases with a review of the literature","volume":"93","author":"Barakat","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cardiology"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vijayarajan, V., Kritharides, L., Brieger, D., Cheng, Y.Y., Chow, V., and Chwang Ng, A.C. (2022). Sex differences in rates of permanent pacemaker implantation and in-hospital complications: A statewide cohort study of over 7 million persons from 2009\u20132018. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0272305"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8159.2012.03467.x","article-title":"Permanent pacemaker-related upper extremity deep vein thrombosis: A series of 20 cases","volume":"35","author":"Mandal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1111\/pace.13915","article-title":"Upper extremity deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism after transvenous lead replacement or upgrade procedures","volume":"43","author":"Albertini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1007\/s11936-018-0664-5","article-title":"Venous Obstruction in Cardiac Rhythm Device Therapy","volume":"20","author":"Donnelly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Treat. Options Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.31083\/j.rcm2508299","article-title":"Navigating Complications in Cardiac Pacemakers: A Comprehensive Review and Management Strategies","volume":"25","author":"Sriramoju","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-024-03710-8","article-title":"Incidence and long-term outcomes of upper limb deep vein thrombosis associated with intracardiac devices: Analysis of bleeding, recurrence, and sequelae","volume":"19","author":"Oblitas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Intern. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E131","DOI":"10.1532\/hsf.2291","article-title":"Pacemaker Dysfunction due to a Large Thrombus on Ventricular Lead","volume":"22","author":"Xia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heart Surg. Forum"},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"714","article-title":"Upper-extremity deep vein thrombosis and downhill esophageal varices caused by long-term pacemaker implantation","volume":"37","author":"Basar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tex. Heart Inst. J."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.5811\/cpcem.2018.8.39444","article-title":"Pacemaker-associated Phlegmasia Cerulea Dolens Treated with Catheter-directed Thrombolysis","volume":"2","author":"Mazer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Pract. Cases Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1177\/1358863X231175185","article-title":"Risk for recurrence of symptomatic upper-extremity deep vein thrombosis in patients without cancer: Analysis of three RIETE cohorts","volume":"28","author":"Imbalzano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_125","first-page":"30","article-title":"Correlation between Deep Venous Thrombosis and Inflammation in Patients after Implantation of Permanent Pacemaker","volume":"49","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Iran. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2019.02.002","article-title":"Incidence, predictors, and gradation of upper extremity venous obstruction after transvenous pacemaker implantation","volume":"71","author":"Shenthar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian Heart J."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1177\/1129729818815135","article-title":"Predictors of venous stenosis or occlusion following first transvenous cardiac device implantation: Prospective observational study","volume":"20","author":"Cacko","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Access"},{"key":"ref_128","first-page":"1033","article-title":"Association between selected risk factors and the incidence of venous obstruction after pacemaker implantation: Demographic and clinical factors","volume":"69","author":"Lelakowski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Kardiol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/eum019","article-title":"Predictors of venous obstruction following pacemaker or implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation: A contrast venographic study on 100 patients admitted for generator change, lead revision, or device upgrade","volume":"9","author":"Haghjoo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1540-8167.2004.04081.x","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors of early venous thrombosis associated with permanent pacemaker leads","volume":"15","author":"Molhoek","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S247","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8159.2008.02295.x","article-title":"Prevention of venous thrombosis by warfarin after permanent transvenous leads implantation in high-risk patients","volume":"32","author":"Costa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8159.1986.tb05392.x","article-title":"Asymptomatic pulmonary embolism following pacemaker implantation","volume":"9","author":"Seeger","year":"1986","journal-title":"Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-023-03434-w","article-title":"Management of Thrombosed Dialysis Access Circuits","volume":"46","author":"Maleux","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Intervent. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avsg.2018.02.033","article-title":"Hemodialysis Catheter-Related Central Venous Thrombosis: Clinical Approach to Evaluation and Management","volume":"51","author":"Gunawansa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohazzab, A., Khavanin Zadeh, M., Dehesh, P., Abdolvand, N., Rahimi, Z., and Rahmani, S. (2022). Investigation of risk factors for tunneled hemodialysis catheters dysfunction: Competing risk analysis of a tertiary center data. BMC Nephrol., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-022-02927-z"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2016.06.008","article-title":"Hemodialysis catheter-related infection: Rates, risk factors and pathogens","volume":"10","author":"Sahli","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e009757","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-009757","article-title":"Tunnelled haemodialysis catheter and haemodialysis outcomes: A retrospective cohort study in Zagreb, Croatia","volume":"6","author":"Kudumija","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1594.2005.29067.x","article-title":"Survival and complications of indwelling venous catheters for permanent use in hemodialysis patients","volume":"29","author":"Develter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Artif. Organs"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-139X.2011.00991.x","article-title":"Catheter dysfunction: The role of lock solutions","volume":"25","author":"Niyyar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin. Dial."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.31729\/jnma.7603","article-title":"Central Venous Catheter-related Thrombosis in a Dialysis Patient: A Case Report","volume":"60","author":"Regmi","year":"2022","journal-title":"JNMA J. Nepal. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.5301\/jva.5000117","article-title":"Does prophylactic anticoagulation reduce the risk of femoral tunneled dialysis catheter-related complications","volume":"14","author":"Herrington","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Access"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.00860207","article-title":"Current management of vascular access","volume":"2","author":"Allon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/2054-3581-1-15","article-title":"Risk factors associated with hemodialysis central venous catheter malfunction; a retrospective analysis of a randomized controlled trial","volume":"1","author":"Ward","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can. J. Kidney Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1111\/hdi.12662","article-title":"The development of central venous thrombosis in hemodialyzed patients is associated with catheter tip depth and localization","volume":"22","author":"Premuzic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hemodial. Int."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2019.12.001","article-title":"KDOQI Clinical Practice Guideline for Vascular Access: 2019 Update","volume":"75","author":"Lok","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Kisney Dis."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1011376","article-title":"Prevention of dialysis catheter malfunction with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator","volume":"364","author":"Hemmelgarn","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-023-03821-9","article-title":"Sodium bicarbonate is a potential alternative to classic heparin as a lock solution for non-tunneled dialysis catheters: A result from the prospective randomized BicarbLock trial","volume":"56","author":"Islam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2001.0590051935.x","article-title":"A randomized trial of minidose warfarin for the prevention of late malfunction in tunneled, cuffed hemodialysis catheters","volume":"59","author":"Mokrzycki","year":"2001","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.07240810","article-title":"Low-intensity adjusted-dose warfarin for the prevention of hemodialysis catheter failure: A randomized, controlled trial","volume":"6","author":"Wilkieson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_150","first-page":"26","article-title":"Warfarin Versus Aspirin in Preventing Tunneled Hemodialysis Catheter Thrombosis: A Prospective Randomized Study","volume":"9","author":"Howaish","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hong Kong J. Nephrol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/24\/7818\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:57:19Z","timestamp":1760115439000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/24\/7818"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,21]]},"references-count":150,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm13247818"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13247818","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,21]]}}}