{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T14:52:48Z","timestamp":1785163968331,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]],"date-time":"2024-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical University of Bialystok","award":["SUB\/1\/DN\/20\/004\/1153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUB\/1\/DN\/20\/004\/1153"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and aims: Lower Extremity Artery Disease (LEAD) is a predictor of atherosclerotic plaques in other locations and significantly increases the risk of death from cardiovascular events. This study aimed to identify cardiology patient subpopulations that should undergo Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) measurement. Methods: A total of 800 patients hospitalized in the Department of Cardiology were included. Inclusion criteria were age over 40 years for men and over 45 years for women, with the ability to measure ABI. Results: The study group was divided into two subgroups based on ABI values, with LEAD (ABI \u2264 0.9) detected in 61 patients (7.6%). Among these, 45% exhibited symptoms of intermittent claudication. LEAD was significantly more common in patients with a lower ejection fraction, a history of myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, coronary atherosclerosis, heart failure, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, and in those with a past diagnosis of atherosclerosis. There was no statistical association with the incidence of ischemic stroke, renal failure, hypertension or a family history of cardiovascular disease. Average living conditions and financial status increased LEAD likelihood (p = 0.029; p = 0.018), while physical activity reduced it (p &lt; 0.001). LEAD occurred more often in both current and former smokers. Patients with LEAD were more likely to be on statin therapy (p = 0.002). Higher hemoglobin A1c levels significantly increased the risk of LEAD. Conclusions: Identifying patients with risk factors for LEAD suggests that ABI measurement should be performed to detect LEAD early and implement appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13247858","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]],"date-time":"2024-12-23T10:58:55Z","timestamp":1734951535000},"page":"7858","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Identifying Risk Factors for Lower Extremity Artery Disease (LEAD) in Cardiology Patients: The Role of Ankle-Brachial Index Measurement"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Bartosz","family":"Zambrzycki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Internal Medicine with Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, ul. M. Sk\u0142odowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"\u0141uczaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Internal Medicine with Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, ul. M. Sk\u0142odowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5977-0745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marlena","family":"Dubat\u00f3wka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine and Lifestyle Diseases Prevention, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, 15-269 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1202-645X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Da\u0144kowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Internal Medicine with Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, ul. M. Sk\u0142odowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Nowicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Internal Medicine with Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, ul. M. Sk\u0142odowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Knapp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Internal Medicine with Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, ul. M. Sk\u0142odowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Szpakowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Internal Medicine with Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, ul. M. Sk\u0142odowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9465-2581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karol","family":"Kami\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Internal Medicine with Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, ul. M. Sk\u0142odowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Population Medicine and Lifestyle Diseases Prevention, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, 15-269 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Lisowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Internal Medicine with Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, ul. M. Sk\u0142odowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.121.318535","article-title":"Epidemiology of Peripheral Artery Disease and Polyvascular Disease","volume":"128","author":"Aday","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61249-0","article-title":"Comparison of global estimates of prevalence and risk factors for peripheral artery disease in 2000 and 2010: A systematic review and analysis","volume":"382","author":"Fowkes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.2.180","article-title":"REACH Registry Investigators. 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