{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T14:01:25Z","timestamp":1792245685043,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]],"date-time":"2024-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Neonatal sepsis, a severe infection in newborns, remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among preterm infants. This study aimed to investigate the distribution of pathogens responsible for early-onset sepsis (EOS) and late-onset sepsis (LOS), the annual variability of pathogens responsible for each type of infection, and potential trends in their profiles in preterm infants from a tertiary care neonatal intensive care unit over a ten-year period. Methods: We analyzed 177 episodes of confirmed bloodstream infection between 1 January 2014 and 31 December 2023. An episode of confirmed bloodstream infection was defined by the growth of a single potential pathogen in the blood of an infant who met four criteria: showing clinical symptoms of infection, having abnormal hematologic parameters, receiving appropriate antibiotics for less than 5 days, and being born before 37 weeks of gestation. Pathogens were isolated from aseptically collected blood samples, processed within 2 h, incubated using the BACTEC system, and identified by Gram stains and selective media cultures. Pathogen identification was performed using standardized biochemical tests or MALDI-TOF MS. Sepsis was classified as EOS if it occurred within the first 72 h of life and as LOS if it occurred after 72 h. Results: Among the confirmed bloodstream infections, EOS accounted for 31 cases, while LOS accounted for 146 cases. Escherichia coli was identified as the primary pathogen responsible for early-onset sepsis (EOS), while Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) was most commonly associated with late-onset sepsis (LOS). The differences in the prevalence of these bacteria between EOS and LOS were statistically significant. However, no significant differences were found in the distribution of pathogens across different years, nor were there significant trends in their frequency over the study period. Our results demonstrate significant stability in the distribution of pathogens causing sepsis over the ten-year observation period, even during the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusions: Understanding the temporal distribution of pathogens in neonatal sepsis can help prevent the overuse of antibiotics and support the implementation of screening programs, empiric therapy, and strategies to prevent healthcare-associated infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14010005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]],"date-time":"2024-12-24T04:45:49Z","timestamp":1735015549000},"page":"5","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Distribution of Pathogens in Early- and Late-Onset Sepsis Among Preterm Infants: A Decade-Long Study in a Tertiary Referral Neonatal Intensive Care Unit"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Muszy\u0144ska-Radska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Jan Biziel University Hospital No. 2, Ujejskiego 75, 85-168 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Szwed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Methodological Support of Scientific Research, Clinic of General and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Jan Biziel University Hospital No. 2, Ujejskiego 75, 85-168 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6019-8520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian","family":"Falkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Methodological Support of Scientific Research, Clinic of General and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Jan Biziel University Hospital No. 2, Ujejskiego 75, 85-168 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iwona","family":"Sadowska-Krawczenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwik Rydgier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Ujejskiego 75, 85-168 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024, December 14). 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