{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:42:52Z","timestamp":1760146972372,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,25]],"date-time":"2024-12-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"DERIVE program at Mayo Clinic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Effective pain management is crucial for both comfort and outcomes, yet predicting and managing this pain is difficult. This study aimed to analyze postoperative pain in patients undergoing hand surgery at the Mayo Clinic Florida, examining how patient characteristics and anxiety affect pain outcomes. Methods: We conducted a single-arm clinical trial at Mayo Clinic Florida, recruiting patients undergoing hand surgery. Preoperative pain and anxiety were assessed using the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Postoperatively, patients used an iPhone app to record pain levels and medication use every four hours. Devices were collected three days after surgery. We analyzed the relationship between demographics, PCS, STAI scores, and pain levels using linear and logistic regression models. All statistical tests were two-sided with significance set at p &lt; 0.05, analyzed with R4.2.2. Results: Data were collected from 62 patients (62.9% women, 37.1% men) undergoing hand surgery. Participants were mainly White (90.3%), with 50% being in the middle-aged adult group. Most had low anxiety levels (80.6% STAI-S, 82.3% STAI-T) and low catastrophizing (61.3% PCS). Postoperative pain was low, with median scores between 1.0 and 2.0 over three days. Demographics, anxiety, and catastrophizing were not significant predictors of pain levels. Logistic regression showed time as a significant factor, with pain levels peaking on Day 3. Conclusions: Postoperative pain after hand surgery was generally low, with time being a significant predictor of increased pain. Demographic factors, anxiety, and catastrophizing did not significantly affect pain levels. Pain management should emphasize time-sensitive interventions and ongoing monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14010037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,25]],"date-time":"2024-12-25T19:27:46Z","timestamp":1735154866000},"page":"37","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of Demographics and Psychological Factors on Three-Day Postoperative Pain Perception Following Hand Surgery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Sahar","family":"Borna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olivia A.","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cesar A.","family":"Gomez-Cabello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Syed Ali","family":"Haider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ariana","family":"Genovese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Srinivasagam","family":"Prabha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5869-432X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clifton R.","family":"Haider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6943-7986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher L.","family":"Felton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"McLeod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles J.","family":"Bruce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0818-273X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rickey E.","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2004-7538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio Jorge","family":"Forte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA"},{"name":"Center for Digital Health, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1185\/03007995.2013.860019","article-title":"IIncidence, patient satisfaction, and perceptions of post-surgical pain: Results from a US national survey","volume":"30","author":"Gan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Res. Opin."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Cullen, K.A., Hall, M.J., and Golosinskiy, A. (2009). Ambulatory Surgery in the United States, 2006. Natl. Health Stat. Rep., 1\u201325."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000068822.10113.9E","article-title":"Postoperative pain experience: Results from a national survey suggest postoperative pain continues to be undermanaged","volume":"97","author":"Apfelbaum","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1177\/10547738211012832","article-title":"Comparison of postoperative pain management outcomes in the United States and China","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nurs. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sier\u017cantowicz, R., Lewko, J., Bitiucka, D., Lewko, K., Misiak, B., and \u0141adny, J.R. (2020). Evaluation of Pain Management after Surgery: An Observational Study. Medicina, 56.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina56020065"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.3109\/15360288.2013.846955","article-title":"Quality of Postoperative Pain Management in American versus European Institutions","volume":"27","author":"Chapman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pain Palliat. Care Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S77","DOI":"10.4103\/ija.ija_65_23","article-title":"Predicting and evaluating pain after surgery\u2026 Newer methods to the rescue?","volume":"67","author":"Shah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"145","article-title":"The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory","volume":"5","author":"Spielberger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Interam. Psicol.\/Interam. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ajp.0000135236.12705.2d","article-title":"The roles of pain catastrophizing and anxiety in the prediction of postoperative pain intensity: A prospective study","volume":"21","author":"Granot","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1069","article-title":"Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department with Acute Pain: The Significant Role of Pain Catastrophizing and State Anxiety","volume":"17","author":"Kapoor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-200405000-00006","article-title":"Path Model of Psychological Antecedents to Pain Experience: Experimental and Clinical Findings","volume":"20","author":"Sullivan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-020-01346-8","article-title":"Creation and validation of the 4-item BriefPCS-chronic through methodological triangulation","volume":"18","author":"Walton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Qual. Life Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2005.03.025","article-title":"Age effects on pain thresholds, temporal summation and spatial summation of heat and pressure pain","volume":"115","author":"Lautenbacher","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2011.01311.x","article-title":"The effects of age on pain sensitivity: Preclinical studies","volume":"13","author":"Yezierski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2013.10.015","article-title":"Age and race effects on pain sensitivity and modulation among middle-aged and older adults","volume":"15","author":"Riley","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pain Off. J. Am. Pain Soc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2009.11.046","article-title":"Influence of age on pain perception in acute myocardial ischemia: A possible cause for delayed treatment in elderly patients","volume":"149","author":"Rittger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.20.00237","article-title":"Sex and gender issues in pain management","volume":"102","author":"Templeton","year":"2020","journal-title":"JBJS"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radhakrishnan, S., and Kamarthi, S. (2021). Exploration of physiological sensors, features, and machine learning models for pain intensity estimation. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0254108"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2017.1.32723","article-title":"Pain Perception in Latino vs. Caucasian and Male vs. Female Patients: Is There Really a Difference?","volume":"18","author":"Aufiero","year":"2017","journal-title":"West. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2003.11.017","article-title":"Sex differences in pain perception and anxiety. A psychophysical study with topical capsaicin","volume":"108","author":"Frot","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2008.00558.x","article-title":"Sex-based differences in pain perception and treatment","volume":"10","author":"Paller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2011.11.025","article-title":"A systematic literature review of 10years of research on sex\/gender and experimental pain perception\u2014Part 1: Are there really differences between women and men?","volume":"153","author":"Racine","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1177\/2049463716635680","article-title":"Does preoperative psychological status of patients affect postoperative pain? A prospective study from the Caribbean","volume":"10","author":"Hariharan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0000000000000226","article-title":"Gender aspects in postoperative pain","volume":"28","author":"Pereira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Anesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.01.039","article-title":"Age changes in pain perception: A systematic-review and meta-analysis of age effects on pain and tolerance thresholds","volume":"75","author":"Lautenbacher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1011","article-title":"Age-related changes in pain sensitivity in healthy humans: A systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Johnson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"S467","article-title":"Measures of anxiety: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety (HADS-A)","volume":"63","author":"Julian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis. Care Res. Hoboken"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.7.4.524","article-title":"The Pain Catastrophizing Scale: Development and Validation","volume":"7","author":"Bishop","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"831","article-title":"The Effect of Hand Massage Applied Before Cataract Surgery on Anxiety, Surgical Fear, Pain and Physiological Parameters","volume":"34","author":"Efe","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. PeriAnesthesia Nurs."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Hao, L.J., Hou, X.L., Wu, Y.L., Jing, L.S., and Sun, R.N. (2021). Preoperative Anxiety and Postoperative Pain in Patients With Laparoscopic Hysterectomy. Front. Psychol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.727250"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"103190","article-title":"Effect of preoperative anxiety on postoperative pain on patients undergoing elective surgery: Prospective cohort study","volume":"73","author":"Tadesse","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Surg. Lond"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.4103\/jcrsm.jcrsm_39_22","article-title":"Effect of preoperative anxiety on postoperative pain in patients undergoing elective lower-segment cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: A cross-sectional study in South India","volume":"8","author":"Suresh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Curr. Res. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S152282","article-title":"Psychological factors as predictors of early postoperative pain after open nephrectomy","volume":"11","author":"Mimic","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pain Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.4274\/haseki.galenos.2023.9005","article-title":"Effect of Preoperative Anxiety Level on Postoperative Analgesia Requirement in Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy","volume":"61","author":"Sen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. Bull. Haseki"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-7749.100721","article-title":"Effects of the preoperative anxiety and depression on the postoperative pain in ear, nose and throat surgery","volume":"18","author":"Kavakci","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J. Otol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"16","article-title":"The Relationship between Preoperative Anxiety and Postoperative Pain after Cesarean Section","volume":"15","author":"Ghanei","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iran. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Infertility"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"e98969","article-title":"Correlation of Preoperative State Anxiety and Pain Six Weeks After Surgical Correction of Pectus Excavatum","volume":"10","author":"Zuidema","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anesthesiol. Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.886","article-title":"Psychological correlates of acute postsurgical pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Plotek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000003681","article-title":"Patient and Procedural Determinants of Postoperative Pain Trajectories","volume":"134","author":"Vasilopoulos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"627","article-title":"The Correlation Between Pre Operative Anxiety Levels and Post Operative Pain Intensity in Femoral Fracture Patients","volume":"6","author":"Sari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Contag. Sci. Period. Public Health Coast. Health"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102674","article-title":"Comparative study on informed consent regulation in health care among Italy, France, United Kingdom, Nordic Countries, Germany, and Spain","volume":"103","author":"Bolcato","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Forensic Leg. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.12968\/bjon.2014.23.7.387","article-title":"Reducing anxiety in preoperative patients: A systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Alanazi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hartanti, R.W., and Handayani, L. (2021). Pre-Operative Education to Reduce Anxiety: Literature Review. Epidemiol. Soc. Health Rev., 3.","DOI":"10.26555\/eshr.v3i2.4301"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"(2024, March 01). BioRender, C.W. Available online: https:\/\/www.biorender.com\/."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/1\/37\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T17:00:02Z","timestamp":1760115602000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/1\/37"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,25]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm14010037"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14010037","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2077-0383"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,25]]}}}