{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T09:54:19Z","timestamp":1780048459369,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]],"date-time":"2024-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005739","name":"Direcci\u00f3n General de apoyo al Personal Acad\u00e9mico (DGAPA)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IN219117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IN219117"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005739","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005739","name":"Direcci\u00f3n General de apoyo al Personal Acad\u00e9mico (DGAPA)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["047\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["047\/2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005739","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005739","name":"Direcci\u00f3n General de apoyo al Personal Acad\u00e9mico (DGAPA)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-16-CE29-0009-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-16-CE29-0009-02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005739","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005739","name":"Direcci\u00f3n General de apoyo al Personal Acad\u00e9mico (DGAPA)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-17-CE17-0024-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-17-CE17-0024-03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005739","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Programa de Apoyo a Proyectos de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n Tecnol\u00f3gica (PAPIIT)","award":["IN219117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IN219117"]}]},{"name":"Programa de Apoyo a Proyectos de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n Tecnol\u00f3gica (PAPIIT)","award":["047\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["047\/2014"]}]},{"name":"Programa de Apoyo a Proyectos de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n Tecnol\u00f3gica (PAPIIT)","award":["ANR-16-CE29-0009-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-16-CE29-0009-02"]}]},{"name":"Programa de Apoyo a Proyectos de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n Tecnol\u00f3gica (PAPIIT)","award":["ANR-17-CE17-0024-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-17-CE17-0024-03"]}]},{"name":"INSERM (Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale)","award":["IN219117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IN219117"]}]},{"name":"INSERM (Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale)","award":["047\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["047\/2014"]}]},{"name":"INSERM (Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale)","award":["ANR-16-CE29-0009-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-16-CE29-0009-02"]}]},{"name":"INSERM (Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale)","award":["ANR-17-CE17-0024-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-17-CE17-0024-03"]}]},{"name":"Agence National pour la Recherche Grants","award":["IN219117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IN219117"]}]},{"name":"Agence National pour la Recherche Grants","award":["047\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["047\/2014"]}]},{"name":"Agence National pour la Recherche Grants","award":["ANR-16-CE29-0009-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-16-CE29-0009-02"]}]},{"name":"Agence National pour la Recherche Grants","award":["ANR-17-CE17-0024-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-17-CE17-0024-03"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Aortic valve calcification results from degenerative processes associated with several pathologies. These processes are influenced by age, chronic inflammation, and high concentrations of phosphate ions in the plasma, which contribute to induce mineralization in the aortic valve and deterioration of cardiovascular health. Environmental factors, such as wood smoke that emits harmful and carcinogenic pollutants, carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxide (NOx), as well as other reactive compounds may also be implicated. The purpose of this research was to study the impact of wood smoke on specific aortic valve characteristics, including lesion size and percentage of mineralization, in patients with aortic valve stenosis (AS). Methods: This observational study included 65 patients who underwent primary valve replacement surgery at the National Institute of Cardiology, 11 of whom were exposed to wood smoke. For each patient, approximately 0.5 cm of aortic valve tissue was collected along with a blood sample anticoagulated with sodium citrate. The valves were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM\u2013EDS). Since extracellular microvesicles (MVs) may induce epigenetic changes in target cells by transferring their cargo, we also analyzed their mineral content. Results: Individuals exposed to wood smoke exhibit more extensive lesion (835 \u00b5m2) characteristics compared to those with no exposure (407.5 \u00b5m2). Interestingly, FESEM images of MVs showed the presence of minerals on their surface, thus providing evidence on their possible role in the pathophysiology of mineralization. Conclusions: Our study uniquely demonstrates imaging-based evidence of structural damage and mineralization in aortic valve tissue, with chronic wood smoke exposure emerging as a significant causative factor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14010146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]],"date-time":"2024-12-31T07:00:37Z","timestamp":1735628437000},"page":"146","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Impact of Wood Smoke Exposure on Aortic Valve Mineralization: Microvesicles as Mineral Conveyors in Patients with Coronary Stenosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4581-0413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirthala","family":"Flores-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biology Department, Surgery and Cardiovascular Biomedicine, National Institute of Cardiology Ignacio Ch\u00e1vez, Juan Badiano 1, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Linares-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geophysics, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Circuito Escolar, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoac\u00e1n, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentin","family":"Herrera-Alarc\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biology Department, Surgery and Cardiovascular Biomedicine, National Institute of Cardiology Ignacio Ch\u00e1vez, Juan Badiano 1, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8050-1961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Soria-Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biology Department, Surgery and Cardiovascular Biomedicine, National Institute of Cardiology Ignacio Ch\u00e1vez, Juan Badiano 1, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco Antonio","family":"Pe\u00f1a-Duque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Unit, M\u00e9dica Sur Hospital, Puente de Piedra 150, Toriello Guerra, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14050, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0666-257X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adolfo","family":"Arellano-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Hospital of ISSSTE Dr. Valent\u00edn G\u00f3mez Farias, Prolongaci\u00f3n Am\u00e9ricas 203, Zapopan 45100, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillermo","family":"Cardoso-Salda\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biology Department, Surgery and Cardiovascular Biomedicine, National Institute of Cardiology Ignacio Ch\u00e1vez, Juan Badiano 1, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5264-2019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benny Giovanni","family":"Cazar\u00edn-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biology Department, Surgery and Cardiovascular Biomedicine, National Institute of Cardiology Ignacio Ch\u00e1vez, Juan Badiano 1, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"},{"name":"Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Circuito Escolar, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoac\u00e1n, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esbeidy","family":"Garc\u00eda-Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biology Department, Surgery and Cardiovascular Biomedicine, National Institute of Cardiology Ignacio Ch\u00e1vez, Juan Badiano 1, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7891-3975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Angles-Cano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM UMR_S-1140 & UMR_S-1144, Innovation Diagnostique et Th\u00e9rapeutique en Pathologies C\u00e9r\u00e9brovasculaires et Thrombotiques, Facult\u00e9 de Pharmacie de Paris, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, 75006 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aurora","family":"de la Pe\u00f1a-D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biology Department, Surgery and Cardiovascular Biomedicine, National Institute of Cardiology Ignacio Ch\u00e1vez, Juan Badiano 1, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"},{"name":"Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Circuito Escolar, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoac\u00e1n, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nadadur, S.S., and Hollingsworth, J.W. (2015). Air Pollution and Health Effects, Springer. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-6669-6"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e3181dbece1","article-title":"Particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease: An update to the scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"121","author":"Brook","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30505-6","article-title":"Estimates and 25-year trends of the global burden of disease attributable to ambient air pollution: An analysis of data from the Global Burden of Diseases Study","volume":"389","author":"Cohen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S85","DOI":"10.3109\/07853890.2012.660498","article-title":"Vascular calcification and hypertension: Cause and effect","volume":"44","author":"Kalra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.2174\/1566524021666210210121905","article-title":"Molecular and Epigenetic Basis of Extracellular Vesicles Cell Repair Phenotypes in Targeted Organ-specific Regeneration","volume":"22","author":"Fareez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3142","article-title":"Epigenetics and the environment: Emerging patterns and implications","volume":"13","author":"Feil","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.2174\/1574888X11666160709211528","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review on Exosomes and Microvesicles as Epigenetic Factors","volume":"12","author":"Bakhshandeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Stem. Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-020-00394-8","article-title":"Cardiovascular health impacts of wildfire smoke exposure","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Part Fibre Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2015.07.014","article-title":"Assessment of vascular function in Mexican women exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from wood smoke","volume":"40","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-017-0346-x","article-title":"Exposure to ambient air pollution and calcification of the mitral annulus and aortic valve: The multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA)","volume":"16","author":"Tibuakuu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat3627","article-title":"Nano-analytical electron microscopy reveals fundamental insights into human cardiovascular tissue calcification","volume":"12","author":"Bertazzo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"e35","article-title":"2020 ACC\/AHA Guideline for the Management of Patients with Valvular Heart Disease: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"143","author":"Otto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.250.121","article-title":"Fibrinolytic Activity of Circulating Microvesicles Is Associated with Progression of Breast Cancer","volume":"250","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tohoku J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.2119\/molmed.2015.00001","article-title":"Genetic Determinants of Epigenetic Patterns: Providing Insight into Disease","volume":"21","author":"Cazaly","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.0c00036","article-title":"A Fulvic Acid-like Substance Participates in the Pro-inflammatory Effects of Cigarette Smoke and Wood Smoke Particles","volume":"33","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2016.05.026","article-title":"Air pollution particles and iron homeostasis","volume":"1860","author":"Ghio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.113.300153","article-title":"Fibrocalcific aortic valve disease: Opportunity to understand disease mechanisms using mouse models","volume":"113","author":"Weiss","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baran, J., Niewiara, \u0141., Podolec, J., Siedli\u0144ski, M., J\u00f3zefczuk, E., Bernacik, A., Badacz, R., Przew\u0142ocki, T., Pieni\u0105\u017cek, P., and \u017bmudka, K. (2022). Serum and Vascular Stiffness Biomarkers Associated with the Severity of Degenerative Aortic Valve Stenosis and Cardiovascular Outcomes. J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd9060193"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.01.025","article-title":"Association Between Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Aortic Stenosis: The CANHEART Aortic Stenosis Study","volume":"69","author":"Yan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.10157","article-title":"Homocysteine is related to aortic mineralization in patients with ischemic heart disease","volume":"19","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Atheroscler. Thromb."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951111000448","article-title":"Aortic mineralisation in children with congenital cardiac disease","volume":"21","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cardiol. Young"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"114","article-title":"Calcified Aorta, Urine Lithiasis and Hydroxyapatite Stars","volume":"2","author":"Lopez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Case Rep. Clin. Cardiol. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1139\/bcb-2019-0045","article-title":"The impact of epigenetics on cardiovascular disease","volume":"98","author":"Prasher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem. Cell Biol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/1\/146\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:56:14Z","timestamp":1760115374000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/1\/146"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm14010146"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14010146","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]]}}}