{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T11:51:29Z","timestamp":1794052289922,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]],"date-time":"2024-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: Severe early-onset scoliosis (EOS) can be addressed by different growth-friendly approaches, although the indications of each technique remain controversial. The aim of this study was to compare, in a large series of patients, the potential and limitations of the different distraction-based surgical techniques to establish the most suitable surgical approach to treat EOS. Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational cohort study evaluating 62 EOS cases treated between January 2002 and December 2021 with a traditional growing rod (TGR), a magnetically controlled growing rod (MCGR) and vertical expandable prosthesis titanium ribs (VEPTR) at IRCSS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy. The patients included had a mean age of 7 years and a mean follow-up of 36 months. The COBB angle was measured on x-rays at preoperative, early postoperative, and end of follow-up, and complications were recorded. Results: in our cohort, VEPTR was mainly used in congenital scoliosis (50% vs. a mean value of 25.8%) and syndromic scoliosis (42.9% vs. a mean value of 25.8%). MCGR was mainly used in idiopathic scoliosis (73.9% vs. an average value of 41.9%). TGR was mostly used in muscular neurology EOS (16% vs. an average value of 6.5%). The collected data show a similar deformity correction rate in growing-rod implants in VEPTR, TGR, and MCGR. The mean curve reduction was 25.8 95% CI (21.8\u201329.8) (p &lt; 0.0005). Compared with preoperative measurements, significant differences in curve magnitude correction between subgroups occurred at the final treatment measurements, when patients with MCGR had a significantly larger correction (53.2\u00b0 \u00b1 20.84 in %33.9 con DS \u00b1 14.27) than VEPTR (27.12\u00b0\u00b1 19.13 in %19.7\u00b0 \u00b1 13.7). Conclusions: Different growing-rod techniques are applied based on EOS etiology. While all EOS etiologies benefited from this surgical approach, congenital EOS had poorer results. Overall, MCGR has been the preferred option for idiopathic EOS and appears to be the most effective in correcting the primary curve.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14010177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]],"date-time":"2024-12-31T07:34:19Z","timestamp":1735630459000},"page":"177","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Surgical Treatment of Early-Onset Scoliosis: Traditional Growing Rod vs. Magnetically Controlled Growing Rod vs. Vertical Expandable Prosthesis Titanium Ribs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7224-3314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruna","family":"Maccaferri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Spine Surgery Unit, IRCSS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Vommaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spine Surgery Unit, IRCSS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Cini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spine Surgery Unit, IRCSS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Filardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera Italiana, 6962 Lugano, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Boriani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spine Surgery Unit, IRCSS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Gasbarrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spine Surgery Unit, IRCSS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspd.2015.01.003","article-title":"Early Onset Scoliosis\u2014Time for Consensus","volume":"3","author":"Akbarnia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spine Deform."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200303000-00001","article-title":"The characteristics of thoracic insufficiency syndrome associated with fused ribs and congenital scoliosis","volume":"85","author":"Campbell","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. 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