{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T10:40:19Z","timestamp":1788864019774,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]],"date-time":"2024-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Hysterosalpingography (HSG) is pivotal in delineating tubal pathology, but is associated with pain and exposure to ionizing radiation. This study investigated which reproductive factors predict HSG-identified tubal pathology. Methods: From May 2016 to August 2023, 3322 infertile females with HSG (mean age 33.9 \u00b1 4.3 years) were assessed for fallopian tube status. Results: HSG indicated that 2764 had patent tubes while 558 (16.8%) had non-patent tubes. Unilateral and bilateral absence of free contrast spillage occurred in 377 (11.3%) and 181 (5.4%) cases, respectively. Non-spillage, denoted as non-patency, was seen in 148 (4.5%) and 153 (4.6%) right and left cases, respectively. Tubal occlusion was observed in 181 (5.4%) and 159 (5.4%) right and left cases, respectively. Hydrosalpinx was found in 37 (1.2%) right and 58 (1.7%) left cases. Multivariate logistic regression revealed CT-IgG positivity (odds ratio [OR]: 1.57), endometrioma (OR: 1.64), and fibroids (OR: 1.58) as independent factors for increased non-patency. CT-IgG positivity (OR: 1.92) and fibroids (OR: 1.88) were significant risk factors for occlusion. Painful defecation (OR: 2.79), CT-IgA positivity (OR: 2.09), CT-IgG positivity (OR: 2.07), and endometrioma (OR: 3.11) were significant risk factors for hydrosalpinx. Conclusions: In females with painful defecation, CT-IgG positivity, endometrioma, and fibroids, HSG may be used as a second-line investigation, with laparoscopy as the preferred assessment tool.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14010179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]],"date-time":"2024-12-31T07:34:19Z","timestamp":1735630459000},"page":"179","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A Large Study About Reproductive Factors That Predict Hysterosalpingography-Identified Tubal Pathology: An Insight into the Necessity of Preconception Screening"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yurie","family":"Nako","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Medicine, Kameda IVF Clinic Makuhari, Chiba 261-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3984-975X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kuniaki","family":"Ota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Medicine, Kameda IVF Clinic Makuhari, Chiba 261-8501, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama 701-0192, Japan"},{"name":"Fukushima Medical Center for Children and Women, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshio","family":"Sujino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Medicine, Kameda IVF Clinic Makuhari, Chiba 261-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0577-1782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junichiro","family":"Mitsui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comprehensive Reproductive Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Science Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hisae","family":"Kamo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Sanmu Medical Center, Chiba 289-1326, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shoko","family":"Katsumata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Medicine, Kameda IVF Clinic Makuhari, Chiba 261-8501, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Comprehensive Reproductive Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Science Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuko","family":"Takayanagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Medicine, Kameda IVF Clinic Makuhari, Chiba 261-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makiko","family":"Tajima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Medicine, Kameda IVF Clinic Makuhari, Chiba 261-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1012-1557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomonori","family":"Ishikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatal and Maternal Medicine (Ibaraki), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Science Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4071-377X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akira","family":"Komiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Medicine, Kameda IVF Clinic Makuhari, Chiba 261-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5009-3207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kiyotaka","family":"Kawai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Medicine, Kameda IVF Clinic Makuhari, Chiba 261-8501, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Comprehensive Reproductive Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Science Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mascarenhas, M.N., Flaxman, S.R., Boerma, T., Vanderpoel, S., and Stevens, G.A. 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