{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T14:44:49Z","timestamp":1790261089322,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Male infertility is influenced by physiological factors like age, as well as lifestyle factors, including physical activity. However, the specific impact of sport activity on semen parameters, and thus on male fertility, remains unclear. Specifically, the aim of this systematic review is to evaluate how an intense regime of training may affect sperm parameters in professional and non-profession athletes. Methods: Studies reporting sperm parameters associated with high training load were included. In April 2024, three electronic databases and literature sources (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) were searched. Quality appraisal was performed independently by three authors using the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Quality Assessment Tools (NHLBI-QAT). Results: Four studies met the inclusion criteria, reporting a total of 156 participants. Sixteen weeks of intensive cycling training produced a significant decrease in seminal volume, sperm concentration, sperm motility, and morphology, with a return to their initial levels, except for sperm morphology and sperm concentration, after at least one week of rest. In addition, in athletes with varicocele, a 6-month stop from sports activity went a long way toward improving sperm concentration and sperm motility. However, DNA fragmentation, a greater presence of round cells, and high numbers of active macrophages were described. At least 30 days improve semen parameters in professional and non-professional athletes. Conclusions: Intensive training could worsen seminal parameters and, consequently, male fertility. However, certainty of evidence is very low, and the results should be interpreted with caution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14010201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T11:24:19Z","timestamp":1735730659000},"page":"201","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Influence of an Intense Training Regime in Professional and Non-Professional Athletes on Semen Parameters: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6539-7796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Greco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University \u201cMagna Gr\u00e6cia\u201d of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7805-2136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Guarascio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University \u201cMagna Gr\u00e6cia\u201d of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3614-6151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Giannetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0056-2232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco Pio","family":"Oranges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University \u201cMagna Gr\u00e6cia\u201d of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, 37124 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Quinzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University \u201cMagna Gr\u00e6cia\u201d of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gian Pietro","family":"Emerenziani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University \u201cMagna Gr\u00e6cia\u201d of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Grazia","family":"Tarsitano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Science and Promotion of Quality of Life, San Raffaele Open University of Rome, 00166 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, R., Biedenharn, K.R., Fedor, J.M., and Agarwal, A. 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