{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T17:25:06Z","timestamp":1787678706764,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]],"date-time":"2025-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hypertension in chronic kidney disease patients is very common. The definition of resistant hypertension in the general population is as follows: uncontrolled blood pressure (BP) on three or more hypotensive agents in adequate doses, or when patients are on four or more hypotensive agent categories irrespective of the BP control, with diuretics included in the therapy. However, these resistant hypertension definitions do not apply to the setting of end-stage kidney disease. True resistant hypertension is diagnosed when adherence to treatment and uncontrolled values of BP by ambulatory blood pressure measurement or home blood pressure measurement are confirmed. Due to these limitations, apparent treatment-resistant hypertension (ATRH) is now defined as an uncontrolled blood pressure on three or more antihypertensive medication classes or the introduction and use of four or more medications regardless of blood pressure level. Concerning dialysis patients, data are very limited on hypertension, its epidemiology, and the prevalence of apparent treatment-resistant hypertension in peritoneal dialysis. In this review, therefore, we discuss the hypertension definitions, targets of the therapy in patients on peritoneal dialyses, and their biases and limitations. We present the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of high blood pressure in the peritoneally dialyzed population together with published data on the apparent treatment-resistant hypertension prevalence in this population. Peritoneally dialyzed patients represent a unique population of dialyzed subjects; therefore, studies should be conducted on a larger population with a higher quality of drug adherence and target blood pressure values. The definition of resistant hypertension and apparent resistant hypertension in this group should be redefined, which should also consider residual kidney function in relation to both subclinical and clinical endpoints.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14010218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]],"date-time":"2025-01-02T07:44:53Z","timestamp":1735803893000},"page":"218","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Resistant and Apparently Resistant Hypertension in Peritoneally Dialyzed Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5933-609X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bartosz","family":"Symonides","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Hypertension and Vascular Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marlena","family":"Kwiatkowska-Stawiarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3780-8073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacek","family":"Lewandowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Hypertension and Vascular Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacek Stanis\u0142aw","family":"Ma\u0142yszko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transplantation and Internal Diseases with Dialysis Unit, Department of Nephrology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-540 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8701-8171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jolanta","family":"Ma\u0142yszko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kisu.2024.01.006","article-title":"Capacity for the management of kidney failure in the International Society of Nephrology Eastern and Central Europe region: Report from the 2023 ISN Global Kidney Health Atlas (ISN-GKHA)","volume":"13","author":"Alparslan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Kidney Int. 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