{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T12:50:45Z","timestamp":1778158245297,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Alberta Innovates"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Idiopathic scoliosis (IS) is a common spinal deformity affecting 0.5% to 5.2% of children worldwide, with a higher reported range in Spain (0.7\u20137.5%). Early detection through screening is crucial to prevent the progression of mild cases to severe deformities. Clinical methods such as the ADAM test and trunk rotation angle (TRA) are widely used, but the development of three-dimensional (3D) surface topography (ST) technologies has opened new avenues for non-invasive screening. The objectives of this study were (1) to perform clinical and ST-based scoliosis screening in a sample of healthy children involved in club sports, (2) to estimate the agreement between clinical and ST screening methods, (3) to describe the prevalence of scoliosis by sport, sex, and age, and (4) to evaluate the diagnostic performance of both screening approaches using available radiographs as a reference standard. Methods: A total of 343 children (58.7% males, 41.3% females; mean age 11.69 \u00b1 2.05 years) were screened using both clinical and ST methods. Clinical screening included the ADAM test and TRA measurement, while ST screening was performed using BackSCNR\u00ae, a markerless 3D scanning software. The children with positive screening results were recommended to obtain radiographs to confirm the diagnosis. Kappa agreement, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and accuracy were calculated for both screening modalities using radiographic results as the gold standard. Results: The prevalence of scoliosis was 3.2% (n = 11) based on radiographic confirmation. The prevalence by sport was highest in swimming (17.6%), with minimal differences by sex (males 3.6%, females 2.5%). The clinical screening showed a sensitivity of 73%, specificity of 97%, PPV of 47%, NPV of 99%, and accuracy of 96%. The ST screening showed a sensitivity of 36%, specificity of 99%, PPV of 80%, NPV of 97%, and accuracy of 97%. The kappa values indicate a moderate influence of chance for both methods (clinical \u03ba = 0.55; ST \u03ba = 0.48). The balanced accuracy was 84% for the clinical screening and 68% for the ST screening. Conclusions: The clinical screening method showed superior sensitivity and balanced accuracy compared to ST screening. However, ST screening showed higher specificity and PPV, suggesting its potential as a complementary tool to reduce the high positive predictive value. These results highlight the importance of combining screening methods to improve the accuracy of the early detection of IS in physically active children, with the radiographic confirmation of the positive screened cases remaining essential for accurate diagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14010273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T06:43:04Z","timestamp":1736145784000},"page":"273","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Clinical and Topographic Screening for Scoliosis in Children Participating in Routine Sports: A Prevalence and Accuracy Study in a Spanish Population"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2188-2594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Ruiz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G8, Canada"},{"name":"Society for the Advancement of Applied Computer Science Berlin, GFaI Gesellschaft zur F\u00f6rderung Angewandter Informatik e. V., Volmerstra\u00dfe 3, D-12489 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nada","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G8, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5221-6223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mostafa","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G8, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyla","family":"Fald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G8, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"de los R\u00edos Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"P\u00e9rez Cabello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asociaci\u00f3n de Escoliosis de Castilla y Le\u00f3n (ADECYL), Arroyo de la Encomienda, 47195 Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00c1lvaro Rubio","family":"Redondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asociaci\u00f3n de Escoliosis de Castilla y Le\u00f3n (ADECYL), Arroyo de la Encomienda, 47195 Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruna","family":"da Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G8, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4872-2139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomaz Nogueira","family":"Burke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allied Health Institute, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lindsey","family":"Westover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G8, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S44","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0000000000001350","article-title":"The Natural History of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis","volume":"39","author":"Weinstein","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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