{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:36:14Z","timestamp":1759970174955,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: We sought to develop a structural equation model (SEM) identifying physical and clinical risk factors associated with treatment for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Methods: This retrospective, observational, case\u2013control study included 314 infants screened for ROP between April 2004 and July 2024. A bivariate binary logistic regression model, decision tree, and structural equation model (SEM) were employed to develop a more general model for ROP requiring treatment. Results: In the SEM, the factors significantly associated with ROP treatment included the retinal avascular area according to disk diameter (DD) (p &lt; 0.001), weekly vascularisation rate (DD\/w) (p &lt; 0.001), and duration of intubation (days) (p &lt; 0.001). In addition, the following significant associations were identified in both the bivariate analysis and the SEM: lower gestational age (p &lt; 0.001) and birth weight (p &lt;0.001) were associated with greater retinal avascular area; low postnatal weight gain (p &lt; 0.027) was associated with a slow rate of retinal vascularisation; sepsis (p &lt; 0.001), ductus arteriosus (p &lt; 0.001), and the need for transfusion (p &lt; 0.001) were associated with longer intubation mechanical ventilation (IMV). Conclusions: Lower gestational age, lower birth weight, sepsis, ductus arteriosus, transfusion, and lower weight gain increase the risk of requiring ROP treatment. In the SEM, this association is represented through three intermediate physical endogenous variables, namely, the greater temporal avascular area of the retina, the lower postnatal vascularisation rate, and the greater duration of IMV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14020297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T03:38:41Z","timestamp":1736221121000},"page":"297","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Structural Equation Modelling of Retinopathy of Prematurity Treatment Integrating Both Physical and Clinical Effects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3798-1186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"Garc\u00eda-Serrano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery and Related Specialties, University of Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Ophthalmology Service, San Cecilio Clinical Hospital, 18016 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olena","family":"Protsyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Jaen University Hospital, 23007 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Domech-Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Service, San Cecilio Clinical Hospital, 18016 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3519-6678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Uberos Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Medicine Faculty, San Cecilio Clinical Hospital, 18016 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"233","article-title":"Final results of the Early Treatment for Retinopathy of Prematurity (ETROP) randomized trial","volume":"102","author":"Good","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trans. 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