{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T23:07:29Z","timestamp":1788995249903,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]],"date-time":"2025-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Heart Failure (HF) is a prevalent condition which places a substantial burden on healthcare systems worldwide. Medical management implemented with exercise training (ET) plays a role in prognostic and functional capacity improvement. The aim of this review is to determine the effect of exercise training (ET) on HFpEF and HFrEF patients as well as exercise modality recommendations in frail and sarcopenic subpopulations. Pharmacological therapy structures the cornerstone of management in HF reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and aids improved survival rates. Mortality reduction with pharmacological treatments in HF preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) are yet to be established. Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) and ET can play an important role in both HFrEF and HFpEF. Preliminary findings suggest that CR significantly improves functional capacity, exercise duration, and quality of life. ET has shown beneficial effects on peak oxygen consumption (pVO2) and 6 min walk test distance in HFrEF and HFpEF patients, as well as a reduction in hospitalisation and mortality rates; however, the limited scope of larger trials reporting on this underscores the need for further research. ET also has been shown to have beneficial effects on depression and anxiety levels. High-intensity training (HIT) and moderate continuous training (MCT) have both shown benefits, while resistance exercise training and ventilatory assistance may also be beneficial. ET adherence rates are higher when enrolled to a supervised programme, but prescription rates remain low worldwide. Larger robust trials are required to determine ET\u2019s effects on HF, as well as the most efficacious and personalised exercise prescriptions in HF subtypes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14020359","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]],"date-time":"2025-01-09T05:17:08Z","timestamp":1736399828000},"page":"359","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Exercise Training in Heart Failure: Current Evidence and Future Directions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7392-1199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loay","family":"Eleyan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds LS1 3EX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7649-0198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed R.","family":"Gonnah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W2 1NY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5442-2213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Imran","family":"Farhad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aser","family":"Labib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alisha","family":"Varia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alaa","family":"Eleyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8407-1731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah","family":"Almehandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulrahman O.","family":"Al-Naseem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Jaber Al-Ahmad Hospital, Kuwait City 45706, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David H.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK"},{"name":"Lancashire Cardiac Centre, Blackpool FY3 8NP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3272","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvac013","article-title":"Global burden of heart failure: A comprehensive and updated review of epidemiology","volume":"118","author":"Savarese","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. 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