{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T05:29:59Z","timestamp":1792214999402,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":210,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is an emerging global health concern, and it is not only the keystone precursor of eventual liver-related morbidity, but it also places patients at considerably higher cardiovascular risk, which is still a leading cause of death in these patients. The most important common underlying pathophysiological mechanisms in these diseases are primarily related to insulin resistance, chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. The presence of MASLD with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) elevates the risk for poor outcomes, thus this review highlights a method to the therapeutic approaches. Given the intertwined nature of MASLD, T2DM, and CVD, there is an urgent need for therapeutic strategies that address all three conditions. Although lifestyle changes are important as treatment, medication plays a crucial role in managing hyperglycemia, enhancing liver function and lowering cardiovascular risk. The onset and progression of MASLD should be addressed through a multifaceted therapeutic approach, targeting inflammatory, immune, metabolic, oxidative stress, hormonal and gutaxis pathways, alongside the treatment strategies for T2DM. In this review, we discuss the effects of antidiabetic drugs with an impact on both liver outcomes and cardiovascular risk in patients affected by MASLD, T2DM and CDV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14020428","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T11:24:57Z","timestamp":1736508297000},"page":"428","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["The Triad of Risk: Linking MASLD, Cardiovascular Disease and Type 2 Diabetes; From Pathophysiology to Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Eleni","family":"Michalopoulou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Cardiology Department, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Rimini 1, Chaidari, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3916-5350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Thymis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Cardiology Department, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Rimini 1, Chaidari, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6481-0000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stamatios","family":"Lampsas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Center, 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Rimini 1, Chaidari, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3220-3446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Pavlidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Cardiology Department, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Rimini 1, Chaidari, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1631-5210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Katogiannis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Cardiology Department, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Rimini 1, Chaidari, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Vlachomitros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Cardiology Department, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Rimini 1, Chaidari, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1025-9917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleni","family":"Katsanaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Cardiology Department, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Rimini 1, Chaidari, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gavriella","family":"Kostelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Cardiology Department, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Rimini 1, Chaidari, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6480-3878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sotirios","family":"Pililis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Center, 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Rimini 1, Chaidari, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8693-4443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loukia","family":"Pliouta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Center, 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Rimini 1, Chaidari, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5829-7327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aikaterini","family":"Kountouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Center, 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Rimini 1, Chaidari, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7368-6168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis S.","family":"Papanikolaou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatogastroenterology Unit, Second Department of Internal Medicine-Propaedeutic, Attikon University Hospital, Rimini 1, Chaidari, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vaia","family":"Lambadiari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Center, 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Rimini 1, Chaidari, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8241-7886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ignatios","family":"Ikonomidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Cardiology Department, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Rimini 1, Chaidari, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20420188211034300","DOI":"10.1177\/20420188211034300","article-title":"Therapeutic approaches for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"12","author":"Mertens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL), European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD), and European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO) (2024). EASL-EASD-EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). J. Hepatol., 81, 492\u2013542."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Cuevas, J., Santos, A., and Armendariz-Borunda, J. (2021). Pathophysiological Molecular Mechanisms of Obesity: A Link between MAFLD and NASH with Cardiovascular Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222111629"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.04.036","article-title":"Changing epidemiology, global trends and implications for outcomes of NAFLD","volume":"79","author":"Wong","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leyh, C., Coombes, J.D., Schmidt, H.H., Canbay, A., Manka, P.P., and Best, J. (2024). MASLD-Related HCC-Update on Pathogenesis and Current Treatment Options. J. Pers. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm14040370"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.06.021","article-title":"The global epidemiology of NAFLD and NASH in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"71","author":"Younossi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14322","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease as a metabolic disease in humans: A literature review","volume":"23","author":"Cariou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2024.171219","article-title":"Glucagon-based therapy for people with diabetes and obesity: What is the sweet spot?","volume":"176","author":"McGlone","year":"2024","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Fleishman, J.S., Li, T., Li, Y., Ren, Z., Chen, J., and Ding, M. (2023). Pharmacological therapy of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease-driven hepatocellular carcinoma. Front. Pharmacol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1336216"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000520","article-title":"A multisociety Delphi consensus statement on new fatty liver disease nomenclature","volume":"78","author":"Rinella","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-021-01383-7","article-title":"The Relationship Between Type 2 Diabetes, NAFLD, and Cardiovascular Risk","volume":"21","author":"Caussy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Diab. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22603","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: Selected practical issues in their evaluation and management","volume":"49","author":"Vuppalanchi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-024-02093-z","article-title":"Natural history of lean and non-lean metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease","volume":"59","author":"Wakabayashi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2019.06.003","article-title":"Antidiabetic Drugs and Statins in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"9","author":"Kothari","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1097\/FJC.0000000000001418","article-title":"Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease as an Emerging Risk Factor and Potential Intervention Target for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases","volume":"81","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Del Campo, J.A., Gallego-Duran, R., Gallego, P., and Grande, L. (2018). Genetic and Epigenetic Regulation in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19030911"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.01.038","article-title":"TM6SF2: Catch-22 in the fight against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular disease?","volume":"148","author":"Kahali","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2020.0010","article-title":"Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Position Statement of the Fatty Liver Research Group of the Korean Diabetes Association","volume":"44","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e39731","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000039731","article-title":"Elucidation of the molecular mechanism of type 2 diabetes mellitus affecting the progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis using bioinformatics and network pharmacology: A review","volume":"103","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-023-03586-1","article-title":"The role of anti-diabetic drugs in NAFLD. Have we found the Holy Grail? A narrative review","volume":"80","author":"Zachou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1177\/1479164119827611","article-title":"Insulin resistance and insulin hypersecretion in the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: Time for a conceptual framework shift","volume":"16","author":"Nolan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diab. Vasc. Dis. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.2337\/db16-1147","article-title":"Mechanisms of Insulin Resistance in Primary and Secondary Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver","volume":"66","author":"Jelenik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2485","DOI":"10.2337\/dbi18-0024","article-title":"Targeting Metabolism, Insulin Resistance, and Diabetes to Treat Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis","volume":"67","author":"Finck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2007.12.009","article-title":"Selective versus total insulin resistance: A pathogenic paradox","volume":"7","author":"Brown","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3676","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-021-07206-9","article-title":"A Review of the Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Efficacy of Anti-diabetic Drugs Used in the Treatment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"66","author":"Manka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI134165","article-title":"Insulin resistance drives hepatic de novo lipogenesis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"130","author":"Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1007\/s40200-023-01293-3","article-title":"Unraveling the link between insulin resistance and Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (or metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease): A Narrative Review","volume":"22","author":"Ziamanesh","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20704","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms141020704","article-title":"Multiple hits, including oxidative stress, as pathogenesis and treatment target in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)","volume":"14","author":"Takaki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.311401","article-title":"Reactive Oxygen Species in Metabolic and Inflammatory Signaling","volume":"122","author":"Forrester","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Wang, X., Cueto, R., Effi, C., Zhang, Y., Tan, H., Qin, X., Ji, Y., Yang, X., and Wang, H. (2019). Biochemical basis and metabolic interplay of redox regulation. Redox Biol., 26.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2019.101284"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-018-0079-5","article-title":"Control and dysregulation of redox signalling in the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"16","author":"Campbell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arroyave-Ospina, J.C., Wu, Z., Geng, Y., and Moshage, H. (2021). Role of Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Implications for Prevention and Therapy. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10020174"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.08.009","article-title":"Targeting Mitochondria-Located circRNA SCAR Alleviates NASH via Reducing mROS Output","volume":"183","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Che, W., Zhao, M., Li, X., Li, C., Cho, W.C., and Yu, S. (2022). Current insights in molecular characterization of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and treatment. Front. Endocrinol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1002916"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehr453","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A new and important cardiovascular risk factor?","volume":"33","author":"Bhatia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.04.005","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular risk: Pathophysiological mechanisms and implications","volume":"65","author":"Francque","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"187","article-title":"Is NAFLD an independent risk factor for increased IMT in T2DM?","volume":"37","author":"Cakir","year":"2012","journal-title":"Minerva Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ismaiel, A., and Dumitrascu, D.L. (2019). Cardiovascular Risk in Fatty Liver Disease: The Liver-Heart Axis-Literature Review. Front. Med., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2019.00202"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1097\/HCO.0b013e328354829c","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and vascular risk","volume":"27","author":"Bhatia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"e25495","article-title":"Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: An Emerging Modern-Day Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"14","author":"Hassen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yanai, H., Adachi, H., Hakoshima, M., Iida, S., and Katsuyama, H. (2023). Metabolic-Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease-Its Pathophysiology, Association with Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Disease, and Treatments. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202309.1062.v1"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.119.316337","article-title":"Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Pandemic Fuels the Upsurge in Cardiovascular Diseases","volume":"126","author":"Cai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al Hashmi, K., Giglio, R.V., Pantea Stoian, A., Patti, A.M., Al Waili, K., Al Rasadi, K., Ciaccio, M., and Rizzo, M. (2024). Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: Current therapeutic strategies. Front. Nutr., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1355732"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2008.06.012","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is strongly associated with carotid atherosclerosis: A systematic review","volume":"49","author":"Sookoian","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galatou, E., Mourelatou, E., Hatziantoniou, S., and Vizirianakis, I.S. (2022). Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) and Atherosclerosis: Explaining Their Pathophysiology, Association and the Role of Incretin-Based Drugs. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11061060"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-2247","article-title":"Prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and its association with cardiovascular disease among type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"30","author":"Targher","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.87305","article-title":"The Role of Nuclear Receptors in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"20","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Senesi, P., Ferrulli, A., Luzi, L., and Terruzzi, I. (2021). Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiovascular Diseases: Nutraceutical Interventions Related to Caloric Restriction. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22157772"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boeckmans, J., Natale, A., Rombaut, M., Buyl, K., Rogiers, V., De Kock, J., Vanhaecke, T., and Rodrigues, M.R. (2019). Anti-NASH Drug Development Hitches a Lift on PPAR Agonism. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9010037"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.2174\/1570161117666190405164313","article-title":"Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Treatment in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus; New Kids on the Block","volume":"18","author":"Athyros","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Vasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khaznadar, F., Petrovic, A., Khaznadar, O., Roguljic, H., Bojanic, K., Kuna Roguljic, L., Siber, S., Smolic, R., Bilic-Curcic, I., and Wu, G.Y. (2023). Biomarkers for Assessing Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitor Therapy. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12206561"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-016-3952-1","article-title":"Treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Current approaches and future directions","volume":"59","author":"Cusi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6613827","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6613827","article-title":"NAFLD, Insulin Resistance, and Diabetes Mellitus Type 2","volume":"2021","author":"Marusic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2023.0240","article-title":"Hepatic Fibrosis and Cancer: The Silent Threats of Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"48","author":"Friedman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. J."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.04.005","article-title":"Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Review of Management for Primary Care Providers","volume":"97","author":"Basu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-021-00507-z","article-title":"Emerging therapeutic approaches for the treatment of NAFLD and type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"17","author":"Ferguson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"S1","article-title":"Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis\/metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis emerging market: Preparing managed care for early intervention, equitable access, and integrating the patient perspective","volume":"30","author":"Flavin","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Manag. Care Spec. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvad095","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Pathophysiological concepts and treatment options","volume":"119","author":"Grander","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.15787","article-title":"Malaysian Society of Gastroenterology and Hepatology consensus statement on metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease","volume":"37","author":"Chan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.05.022","article-title":"Expanding consensus in portal hypertension: Report of the Baveno VI Consensus Workshop: Stratifying risk and individualizing care for portal hypertension","volume":"63","author":"Baveno","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsigkou, V., Oikonomou, E., Anastasiou, A., Lampsas, S., Zakynthinos, G.E., Kalogeras, K., Katsioupa, M., Kapsali, M., Kourampi, I., and Pesiridis, T. (2023). Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications of Endothelial Dysfunction in Patients with Heart Failure. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054321"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S260","DOI":"10.2337\/dcS15-3016","article-title":"Pharmacological Approaches in the Treatment and Maintenance of Weight Loss","volume":"39","author":"Dirinck","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0000000000000689","article-title":"Dietary protein intake and obesity-associated cardiometabolic function","volume":"23","author":"Fappi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abenavoli, L., Boccuto, L., Federico, A., Dallio, M., Loguercio, C., Di Renzo, L., and De Lorenzo, A. (2019). Diet and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: The Mediterranean Way. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16173011"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26393","article-title":"Both resistance training and aerobic training reduce hepatic fat content in type 2 diabetic subjects with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (the RAED2 Randomized Trial)","volume":"58","author":"Bacchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2008.00547.x","article-title":"Long-term effectiveness of diet-plus-exercise interventions vs. diet-only interventions for weight loss: A meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lampsas, S., Marinos, G., Lambrinos, D., Theofilis, P., Gialamas, I., Pantelidis, P., Zakynthinos, G.E., Kalogera, V., Pililis, S., and Korakas, E. (2024). Physical Activity Habits Among Physicians: Data From the Athens Medical Association. Am. J. Lifestyle Med., 15598276241267213.","DOI":"10.1177\/15598276241267213"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2156","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-0856","article-title":"Effect of a 12-month intensive lifestyle intervention on hepatic steatosis in adults with type 2 diabetes","volume":"33","author":"Lazo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2019.0034","article-title":"Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Diabetes: Part II: Treatment","volume":"43","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. J."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.1.56","article-title":"Vitamin E in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: The Women\u2019s Health Study: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"294","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25762","article-title":"The diagnosis and management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Practice Guideline by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, American College of Gastroenterology, and the American Gastroenterological Association","volume":"55","author":"Chalasani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.520","article-title":"Effect of vitamin E or metformin for treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in children and adolescents: The TONIC randomized controlled trial","volume":"305","author":"Lavine","year":"2011","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-0167","article-title":"Role of Vitamin E for Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"42","author":"Bril","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-017-0868-1","article-title":"Interaction Between the Haptoglobin Genotype and Vitamin E on Cardiovascular Disease in Diabetes","volume":"17","author":"Hochberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Diab. Rep."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15935","article-title":"Review article: The impact of liver-directed therapies on the atherogenic risk profile in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"52","author":"Connelly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2016.04.004","article-title":"Pharmacological management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"65","author":"Barb","year":"2016","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J.Y.S., Chua, D., Lim, C.O., Ho, W.X., and Tan, N.S. (2022). Lessons on Drug Development: A Literature Review of Challenges Faced in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Clinical Trials. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010158"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lampsas, S., Xenou, M., Oikonomou, E., Pantelidis, P., Lysandrou, A., Sarantos, S., Goliopoulou, A., Kalogeras, K., Tsigkou, V., and Kalpis, A. (2023). Lipoprotein(a) in Atherosclerotic Diseases: From Pathophysiology to Diagnosis and Treatment. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28030969"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1185\/030079902125000787","article-title":"Treatment with atorvastatin to the National Cholesterol Educational Program goal versus \u2019usual\u2019 care in secondary coronary heart disease prevention. The GREek Atorvastatin and Coronary-heart-disease Evaluation (GREACE) study","volume":"18","author":"Athyros","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Res. Opin."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prentza, V., Pavlidis, G., Ikonomidis, I., Pililis, S., Lampsas, S., Kountouri, A., Pliouta, L., Korakas, E., Thymis, J., and Palaiodimou, L. (2024). Antidiabetic Treatment and Prevention of Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13195786"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.02.089","article-title":"Treatment of asymptomatic adults with elevated coronary calcium scores with atorvastatin, vitamin C, and vitamin E: The St. Francis Heart Study randomized clinical trial","volume":"46","author":"Arad","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000175","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: New treatments","volume":"31","author":"Hardy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2950","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-00867","article-title":"Liver Safety of Statins in Prediabetes or T2DM and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: Post Hoc Analysis of a Randomized Trial","volume":"102","author":"Bril","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2014.07.170","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of statins for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"47","author":"Pastori","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.2174\/1570161115666170621082910","article-title":"Statins: An Under-Appreciated Asset for the Prevention and the Treatment of NAFLD or NASH and the Related Cardiovascular Risk","volume":"16","author":"Athyros","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Vasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2013.41","article-title":"Progression of NAFLD to diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease or cirrhosis","volume":"10","author":"Anstee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.2217\/clp.10.84","article-title":"The ACCORD-Lipid study: Implications for treatment of dyslipidemia in Type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"6","author":"Elam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1615664","article-title":"Evolocumab and Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"376","author":"Sabatine","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1801174","article-title":"Alirocumab and Cardiovascular Outcomes after Acute Coronary Syndrome","volume":"379","author":"Schwartz","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"975","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and the risk of metabolic comorbidities: How to manage in clinical practice","volume":"130","author":"Perdomo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pol. Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.8.6.737","article-title":"High density lipoprotein cholesterol and mortality. The Framingham Heart Study","volume":"8","author":"Wilson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arteriosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvad062","article-title":"Lipoprotein(a) and calcific aortic valve disease initiation and progression: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"119","author":"Pantelidis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2334","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.02.081","article-title":"Angiotensin II activates I kappaB kinase phosphorylation of RelA at Ser 536 to promote myofibroblast survival and liver fibrosis","volume":"136","author":"Oakley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20420","article-title":"Therapeutic efficacy of an angiotensin II receptor antagonist in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"40","author":"Yokohama","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa011161","article-title":"Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy","volume":"345","author":"Brenner","year":"2001","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(03)00695-4","article-title":"Activated human hepatic stellate cells express the renin-angiotensin system and synthesize angiotensin II","volume":"125","author":"Bataller","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199602293340906","article-title":"Metformin","volume":"334","author":"Bailey","year":"1996","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.275.1.223","article-title":"Dimethylbiguanide inhibits cell respiration via an indirect effect targeted on the respiratory chain complex I","volume":"275","author":"Nogueira","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716404","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/716404","article-title":"The role of metformin in the management of NAFLD","volume":"2012","author":"Mazza","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22933","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms141122933","article-title":"Nonalcoholic Fatty liver: A possible new target for type 2 diabetes prevention and treatment","volume":"14","author":"Fruci","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2009.09.001","article-title":"Treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in children: TONIC trial design","volume":"31","author":"Lavine","year":"2010","journal-title":"Contemp. Clin. Trials"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e31437","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000031437","article-title":"Effect of metformin on nonalcoholic fatty liver based on meta-analysis and network pharmacology","volume":"101","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.1999.00092.x","article-title":"The UK prospective diabetes study (UKPDS): Clinical and therapeutic implications for type 2 diabetes","volume":"48","author":"King","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roumane, A., McIlroy, G.D., Sommer, N., Han, W., Heisler, L.K., and Rochford, J.J. (2024). GLP-1 receptor agonist improves metabolic disease in a pre-clinical model of lipodystrophy. Front. Endocrinol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1379228"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.14218\/JCTH.2017.00050","article-title":"Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Review of Anti-diabetic Pharmacologic Therapies","volume":"6","author":"Snyder","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Transl. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.51821\/85.2.9775","article-title":"Non-invasive screening, staging and management of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: What do we know so far ?","volume":"85","author":"Binet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Gastroenterol. Belg."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2023.110773","article-title":"Obesity and diabetes","volume":"202","author":"Boutari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liarakos, A.L., and Koliaki, C. (2023). Novel Dual Incretin Receptor Agonists in the Spectrum of Metabolic Diseases with a Focus on Tirzepatide: Real Game-Changers or Great Expectations? A Narrative Review. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11071875"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.12.012","article-title":"Why does obesity cause diabetes?","volume":"34","author":"Klein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2020.0137","article-title":"Beneficial effect of anti-diabetic drugs for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"26","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Mol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2024.111675","article-title":"Incretin-based investigational therapies for the treatment of MASLD\/MASH","volume":"211","author":"Brouwers","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yabiku, K. (2021). Efficacy of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors in Patients With Concurrent Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis: A Review of the Evidence. Front. Endocrinol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.768850"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, H.A., and Kim, H.Y. (2023). Therapeutic Mechanisms and Clinical Effects of Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24119324"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14821","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i40.14821","article-title":"Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and inflammation","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15316","article-title":"Effect of semaglutide on liver enzymes and markers of inflammation in subjects with type 2 diabetes and\/or obesity","volume":"50","author":"Newsome","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2028395","article-title":"A Placebo-Controlled Trial of Subcutaneous Semaglutide in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis","volume":"384","author":"Newsome","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bvae122","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvae122","article-title":"Semaglutide Concurrently Improves Vascular and Liver Indices in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"8","author":"Korakas","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Endocr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1844","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612829666230703161058","article-title":"Novel Approaches to the Management of Diabetes Mellitus in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease","volume":"29","author":"Oikonomou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2740","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v26.i21.2740","article-title":"Post-transplant diabetes mellitus and preexisting liver disease\u2014A bidirectional relationship affecting treatment and management","volume":"26","author":"Mrzljak","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00803-X","article-title":"Liraglutide safety and efficacy in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (LEAN): A multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 2 study","volume":"387","author":"Armstrong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"407","article-title":"Effect of Liraglutide Therapy on Liver Fat Content in Patients With Inadequately Controlled Type 2 Diabetes: The Lira-NAFLD Study","volume":"102","author":"Petit","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1185\/030079908X253870","article-title":"Exenatide effects on diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular risk factors and hepatic biomarkers in patients with type 2 diabetes treated for at least 3 years","volume":"24","author":"Klonoff","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Res. Opin."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1159\/000526808","article-title":"Clinical Impact of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Analogs on the Complications of Obesity","volume":"16","author":"Yazici","year":"2023","journal-title":"Obes. Facts."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2024.01.032","article-title":"The Emerging Role of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists for the Treatment of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis","volume":"22","author":"Abushamat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2022.03.010","article-title":"American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Primary Care and Endocrinology Clinical Settings: Co-Sponsored by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD)","volume":"28","author":"Cusi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocr. Pract."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000323","article-title":"AASLD Practice Guidance on the clinical assessment and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"77","author":"Rinella","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.16794","article-title":"Review article: Role of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, obesity and diabetes-what hepatologists need to know","volume":"55","author":"Barritt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1689","article-title":"Patient Determinants for Histologic Diagnosis of NAFLD in the Real World: A TARGET-NASH Study","volume":"5","author":"Barritt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Umemura, A., Kataoka, S., Okuda, K., Seko, Y., Yamaguchi, K., Moriguchi, M., Okanoue, T., and Itoh, Y. (2022). Potential Therapeutic Targets and Promising Agents for Combating NAFLD. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10040901"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.18433\/jpps29831","article-title":"Effects of Canagliflozin on Fatty Liver Indexes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2021.08.017","article-title":"The safety and efficacy evaluation of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors for patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: An updated meta-analysis","volume":"54","author":"Mo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1002\/bdd.1909","article-title":"SGLT2 inhibitor lowers serum uric acid through alteration of uric acid transport activity in renal tubule by increased glycosuria","volume":"35","author":"Chino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biopharm. Drug Dispos."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Androutsakos, T., Nasiri-Ansari, N., Bakasis, A.D., Kyrou, I., Efstathopoulos, E., Randeva, H.S., and Kassi, E. (2022). SGLT-2 Inhibitors in NAFLD: Expanding Their Role beyond Diabetes and Cardioprotection. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23063107"},{"key":"ref_134","first-page":"288","article-title":"Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors improve liver enzymes in patients with co-existing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Amjad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prz. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2018.33.3.387","article-title":"Effect of Dapagliflozin on Alanine Aminotransferase Improvement in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"33","author":"Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2018.05.017","article-title":"Dapagliflozin significantly reduced liver fat accumulation associated with a decrease in abdominal subcutaneous fat in patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"142","author":"Kurinami","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.curtheres.2017.07.002","article-title":"Effects of Dapagliflozin on Body Composition and Liver Tests in Patients with Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Associated with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Prospective, Open-label, Uncontrolled Study","volume":"87","author":"Tobita","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Ther. Res. Clin. Exp."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-018-4675-2","article-title":"Effects of dapagliflozin and n-3 carboxylic acids on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in people with type 2 diabetes: A double-blind randomised placebo-controlled study","volume":"61","author":"Eriksson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13584","article-title":"Effect of canagliflozin treatment on hepatic triglyceride content and glucose metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"21","author":"Cusi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12980","article-title":"Effects of canagliflozin on body composition and hepatic fat content in type 2 diabetes patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"10","author":"Inoue","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Investig."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-0641","article-title":"Empagliflozin Effectively Lowers Liver Fat Content in Well-Controlled Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Phase 4, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"43","author":"Kahl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12644","article-title":"Metabolic and hemodynamic effects of sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors on cardio-renal protection in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"8","author":"Kashiwagi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Investig."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1504720","article-title":"Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular Outcomes, and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"373","author":"Zinman","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2024.02.015","article-title":"Erythrocytosis and CKD: A Review","volume":"84","author":"Aoun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, R., Lian, D., Xie, Y., Chen, Z., Wang, Y., Mu, L., Wang, Y., and Zhang, B. (2023). SGLT-2 Inhibitors for Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Review. Front. Biosci., 28.","DOI":"10.31083\/j.fbl2807134"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14210","article-title":"Review article: New treatments in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"46","author":"Townsend","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(18)30023-8","article-title":"Dulaglutide as add-on therapy to SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes (AWARD-10): A 24-week, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"6","author":"Ludvik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sumida, Y., Yoneda, M., Tokushige, K., Kawanaka, M., Fujii, H., Yoneda, M., Imajo, K., Takahashi, H., Eguchi, Y., and Ono, M. (2020). Antidiabetic Therapy in the Treatment of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202001.0171.v1"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-05065-8","article-title":"Effects of once-weekly semaglutide vs once-daily canagliflozin on body composition in type 2 diabetes: A substudy of the SUSTAIN 8 randomised controlled clinical trial","volume":"63","author":"McCrimmon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2528","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-1350","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety Over 2 Years of Exenatide Plus Dapagliflozin in the DURATION-8 Study: A Multicenter, Double-Blind, Phase 3, Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"43","author":"Jabbour","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(19)30311-0","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of once-weekly semaglutide versus daily canagliflozin as add-on to metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 8): A double-blind, phase 3b, randomised controlled trial","volume":"7","author":"Lingvay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(19)30066-X","article-title":"Semaglutide once weekly as add-on to SGLT-2 inhibitor therapy in type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 9): A randomised, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"7","author":"Zinman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2753","DOI":"10.2337\/dci22-0034","article-title":"Management of Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes, 2022. A Consensus Report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD)","volume":"45","author":"Davies","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.47391\/JPMA.11151","article-title":"Role of oral hypoglycaemic drugs in preventing complication in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"74","author":"Zahid","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Pak. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_155","first-page":"13","article-title":"Pioglitazone: Mechanism of action","volume":"121","author":"Smith","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pract. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.108984","article-title":"Pioglitazone even at low dosage improves NAFLD in type 2 diabetes: Clinical and pathophysiological insights from a subgroup of the TOSCA.IT randomised trial","volume":"178","author":"Russo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2008.09.003","article-title":"Pioglitazone versus vitamin E versus placebo for the treatment of non-diabetic patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: PIVENS trial design","volume":"30","author":"Chalasani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Contemp. Clin. Trials"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.2337\/dsi23-0012","article-title":"Pharmacological Approaches to Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Current and Future Therapies","volume":"37","author":"Genua","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Spectr."},{"key":"ref_159","first-page":"355","article-title":"PROactive 07: Pioglitazone in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: Results of the PROactive study","volume":"3","author":"Erdmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vasc. Health Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.299.13.1561","article-title":"Comparison of pioglitazone vs glimepiride on progression of coronary atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes: The PERISCOPE randomized controlled trial","volume":"299","author":"Nissen","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lange, N.F., Graf, V., Caussy, C., and Dufour, J.F. (2022). PPAR-Targeted Therapies in the Treatment of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Diabetic Patients. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23084305"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Du, H., Zhao, Y., Ren, Y., Ma, C., Chen, H., Li, M., Tian, J., Xue, C., and Long, G. (2023). Response to pioglitazone in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients with vs. without type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1111430"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2022.605","article-title":"DPP-4 Inhibitor in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patient with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Achieving Two Goals at Once?","volume":"37","author":"Bae","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2017.07.016","article-title":"Elevated hepatic DPP4 activity promotes insulin resistance and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"6","author":"Baumeier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.2174\/22123911MTA5pMzA20","article-title":"Efficacy and Cardiovascular Safety of DPP-4 Inhibitors","volume":"16","author":"Subrahmanyan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.5754\/hge11263","article-title":"Sitagliptin as a novel treatment agent for non-alcoholic Fatty liver disease patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"58","author":"Iwasaki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatogastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_167","first-page":"240","article-title":"Effects of sitagliptin in diabetic patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"75","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Gastroenterol. Belg."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2015.04.008","article-title":"Effect of sitagliptin on intrahepatic lipid content and body fat in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"109","author":"Kato","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.04.021","article-title":"Sitagliptin vs. placebo for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"65","author":"Cui","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_170","first-page":"323","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of sitagliptin for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"61","author":"Fukuhara","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hepatogastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-3794","article-title":"Effect of vildagliptin on hepatic steatosis","volume":"100","author":"Macauley","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.326.11133","article-title":"Vildagliptin ameliorates biochemical, metabolic and fatty changes associated with non alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"32","author":"Hussain","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pak. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-1850","article-title":"Saxagliptin and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and moderate or severe renal impairment: Observations from the SAVOR-TIMI 53 Trial","volume":"38","author":"Udell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1501352","article-title":"Effect of Sitagliptin on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"373","author":"Green","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s40842-016-0027-7","article-title":"Treatment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"2","author":"Cusi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Young, E.N., Dogan, M., Watkins, C., Bajwa, A., Eason, J.D., Kuscu, C., and Kuscu, C. (2022). A Review of Defatting Strategies for Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911805"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1112082","article-title":"Bariatric surgery and prevention of type 2 diabetes in Swedish obese subjects","volume":"367","author":"Carlsson","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(19)30068-3","article-title":"Durability of a primary care-led weight-management intervention for remission of type 2 diabetes: 2-year results of the DiRECT open-label, cluster-randomised trial","volume":"7","author":"Lean","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.02.024","article-title":"The evolution of severe steatosis after bariatric surgery is related to insulin resistance","volume":"130","author":"Mathurin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29367","article-title":"The diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Practice guidance from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases","volume":"67","author":"Chalasani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2023.11.012","article-title":"Management of cardiovascular risk in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease","volume":"122","author":"Mellemkjaer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000002091","article-title":"Therapeutic developments in metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease","volume":"135","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v29.i1.126","article-title":"Management of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease: The diabetology perspective","volume":"29","author":"Jeeyavudeen","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ji, Y., Lee, H., Kaura, S., Yip, J., Sun, H., Guan, L., Han, W., and Ding, Y. (2021). Effect of Bariatric Surgery on Metabolic Diseases and Underlying Mechanisms. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11111582"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-021-07317-3","article-title":"Bariatric Surgery in NAFLD","volume":"67","author":"Chauhan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29477","article-title":"A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of cenicriviroc for treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis with fibrosis","volume":"67","author":"Friedman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2009.719","article-title":"L-carnitine supplementation to diet: A new tool in treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis\u2014A randomized and controlled clinical trial","volume":"105","author":"Malaguarnera","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.17046","article-title":"Review article: Vascular effects of PPARs in the context of NASH","volume":"56","author":"Biquard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.01.038","article-title":"Elafibranor, an Agonist of the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-alpha and -delta, Induces Resolution of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Without Fibrosis Worsening","volume":"150","author":"Ratziu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13981","article-title":"Randomised clinical trial: The efficacy and safety of oltipraz, a liver X receptor alpha-inhibitory dithiolethione in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"45","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butera, E., Termite, F., Esposto, G., Galasso, L., Mignini, I., Borriello, R., Ainora, M.E., Miele, L., Gasbarrini, A., and Zocco, M.A. (2024). Exploring the Role of Bempedoic Acid in Metabolic Dysfunction Associated Steatotic Liver Disease: Actual Evidence and Future Perspectives. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25136938"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2024.155935","article-title":"Resmetirom for MASH patients with diabetes: Challenges and opportunities in the real world","volume":"156","author":"Lian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2036205","article-title":"A Randomized, Controlled Trial of the Pan-PPAR Agonist Lanifibranor in NASH","volume":"385","author":"Francque","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31843","article-title":"Saroglitazar, a PPAR-\u03b1\/\u03b3 Agonist, for Treatment of NAFLD: A Randomized Controlled Double-Blind Phase 2 Trial","volume":"74","author":"Gawrieh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2016.02.060","article-title":"Anti-diabetic polysaccharides from natural sources: A review","volume":"148","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S60","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2015.1069255","article-title":"Advances on Bioactive Polysaccharides from Medicinal Plants","volume":"56","author":"Xie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, X., Wang, L., Zhang, K., Zhang, Y., and Fan, G. (2023). Managing metabolic diseases: The roles and therapeutic prospects of herb-derived polysaccharides. Biomed. Pharmacother., 161.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114538"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8341","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i26.8341","article-title":"Modern approach to the clinical management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"20","author":"Polimeni","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23537","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.363960","article-title":"Insulin Resistance and Metabolic Derangements in Obese Mice Are Ameliorated by a Novel Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor \u03b3-Sparing Thiazolidinedione","volume":"287","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_200","first-page":"1921","article-title":"Novel therapeutic approaches based on the pathological role of gut dysbiosis on the link between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and insulin resistance","volume":"27","author":"Bellucci","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M075713","article-title":"Modulation of the gut microbiota impacts nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A potential role for bile acids","volume":"58","author":"Janssen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000000348","article-title":"Efficacy of rifaximin on circulating endotoxins and cytokines in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"27","author":"Gangarapu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-320622","article-title":"NAFLD and increased risk of cardiovascular disease: Clinical associations, pathophysiological mechanisms and pharmacological implications","volume":"69","author":"Targher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.109","article-title":"Global burden of NAFLD and NASH: Trends, predictions, risk factors and prevention","volume":"15","author":"Younossi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmid, A., Arians, M., Karrasch, T., Pons-Kuhnemann, J., Schaffler, A., Roderfeld, M., and Roeb, E. (2022). Improvement of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Attenuation of NAFLD Are Associated with the Success of Obesity Therapy. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11071756"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2349856","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.49856","article-title":"Outcomes of SGLT-2i and GLP-1RA Therapy Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Varying NAFLD Status","volume":"6","author":"Bea","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-022-01512-w","article-title":"The current role of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes mellitus management","volume":"21","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2022.0015","article-title":"Old and new classes of glucose-lowering agents as treatments for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A narrative review","volume":"28","author":"Miao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Mol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3920196","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/3920196","article-title":"The Intricate Relationship between Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), Insulin Resistance (IR), and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)","volume":"2020","author":"Tanase","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-019-00898-6","article-title":"Pharmacological Treatment for Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"36","author":"Francque","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/2\/428\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:26:46Z","timestamp":1759919206000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/2\/428"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]]},"references-count":210,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm14020428"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14020428","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]]}}}