{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:50:53Z","timestamp":1787028653391,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences","award":["896-000-53-54"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["896-000-53-54"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Facial asymmetry can be attributed to a multitude of underlying causes. Multiple reference points can be utilized for guidance in surgery planning. The scope of mandibular overgrowth and asymmetry should always be measured on CBCT radiographs (cone-beam computed tomography). The assessment of the mental foramen, and the supra and infraorbital foramina is crucial in surgical procedures. Their potential as reference points for predicting specific conditions has never been studied before. The authors explored if the mentioned foramina can be used for diagnostic purposes to distinguish the type of asymmetry or perhaps could improve any surgery planning in those skeletal asymmetry cases. Material and methods: Evaluation of 30 CBCT radiographs in the present preliminary study based on three study groups consisting of patients with normal skeletal features without any skeletal malocclusion (n = 10), and those compared with hemimandibular elongation (HE = 10) and hyperplasia (CH\/HH = 10). For the evaluation of asymmetry, fluctuating asymmetry indices were calculated. Results: The fluctuating asymmetry indices did not differ between both sexes; however, they were remarkably higher in the CH groups than in HE or control. Some of the indices showing the highest differences show some potential as promising predictors for early detection of CH. Conclusions: The condylar hyperplasia shows the highest facial asymmetry among study groups and metric traits. The supraorbital-mental foramina measurement may be used for initial screening for the occurrence of condylar hyperplasia Additional measurements could increase the predictive value of this indicator. Further study on improved samples could confirm the hypothesis of facial foramina displacement influence on jaw osteotomy planning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14020463","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T06:42:15Z","timestamp":1736750535000},"page":"463","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Facial Foramen Diagnostic and Surgical Role as Reference Points in Asymmetries\u2014Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Preliminary Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Kamil","family":"Nelke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Privat Practice of Maxillo-Facial Surgery and Maxillo-Facial Surgery Ward, EMC Hospital, Pilczycka 144, 54-144 Wroclaw, Poland"},{"name":"Academy of Applied Sciences, Health Department, Academy of Silesius in Walbrzych, Zamkowa 4, 58-300 Walbrzych, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4357-2271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Janeczek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Ko\u017cuchowska 1, 51-631 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5187-5324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agata","family":"Ma\u0142yszek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Ko\u017cuchowska 1, 51-631 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4298-3178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marceli","family":"\u0141ukaszewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Soko\u0142owski Hospital, Soko\u0142owskiego 4, 58-309 Walbrzych, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6580-9954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Frydrych","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Soko\u0142owski Hospital, Soko\u0142owskiego 4, 58-309 Walbrzych, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3014-6946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Kulus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Ultrastructural Research, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6016-9201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"D\u0105browski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anatomy, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaudiusz","family":"\u0141uczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Privat Practice of Maxillo-Facial Surgery and Maxillo-Facial Surgery Ward, EMC Hospital, Pilczycka 144, 54-144 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wojciech","family":"Pawlak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Privat Practice of Maxillo-Facial Surgery and Maxillo-Facial Surgery Ward, EMC Hospital, Pilczycka 144, 54-144 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Gogolewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2368-1534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Dobrzy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Preclinical Dentistry, Medical University in Wroclaw, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"381","article-title":"Craniofacial asymmetry in development: An anatomical study","volume":"73","author":"Rossi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Angle Orthodontist."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.4041\/kjod.2015.45.6.333","article-title":"Condylar hyperplasia: An updated review of the literature","volume":"45","author":"Almeida","year":"2015","journal-title":"Korean J. 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