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Community","award":["93\/0773"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["93\/0773"]}]},{"name":"Castilla and Le\u00f3n Community","award":["96\/1993"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["96\/1993"]}]},{"name":"Castilla and Le\u00f3n Community","award":["00-0011-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["00-0011-01"]}]},{"name":"Castilla and Le\u00f3n Community","award":["NINDS R01 NS39422"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NINDS R01 NS39422"]}]},{"name":"Castilla and Le\u00f3n Community","award":["R01 NS094607"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 NS094607"]}]},{"name":"Castilla and Le\u00f3n Community","award":["TED2021-130174B-C33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TED2021-130174B-C33"]}]},{"name":"Castilla and Le\u00f3n Community","award":["PID2022-138585OB-C33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2022-138585OB-C33"]}]},{"name":"Castilla and Le\u00f3n Community","award":["CAM 94\/0032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAM 94\/0032"]}]},{"name":"Castilla and Le\u00f3n Community","award":["05\/010\/96"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["05\/010\/96"]}]},{"name":"Castilla and Le\u00f3n Community","award":["PB 1225-C04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PB 1225-C04"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders among older adults, yet its long-term impact on mortality within population-based cohorts remains insufficiently characterized. This study leverages data from the Neurological Disorders in Central Spain (NEDICES) cohort to provide a comprehensive 23-year mortality analysis in a Spanish population. Methods: In this prospective cohort study, 5278 individuals aged 65 years and older were evaluated across two waves: baseline (1994\u20131995) and follow-up (1997\u20131998). At baseline, 81 prevalent PD cases were identified, while 30 incident cases, likely in the premotor phase at baseline, were detected during follow-up. Mortality was tracked over 23 years, and Cox proportional hazard models were employed to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for mortality, adjusting for relevant demographic and clinical variables. Results: Fifty-three individuals from the cohort in the reference group (without PD) were excluded due to unreliable mortality data. Among 111 PD cases, 109 (98.2%) died during follow-up compared to 4440 (86.8%) of 5114 without the disease. PD was associated with a significantly increased mortality risk (adjusted HR = 1.62; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.31\u20132.01). Patients with both PD and dementia had an even higher risk (HR = 2.19; 95% CI = 1.24\u20133.89). Early-onset PD (&lt;65 years) showed heightened mortality risk (HR = 2.11; 95% CI = 1.22\u20133.64). Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases were the leading causes of death in both PD and non-PD participants. PD was significantly more often listed as the primary cause of death in PD patients compared to the reference group (14.7% vs. 0.4%, p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: PD significantly increases mortality risk over 23 years, particularly among those with early onset and dementia. These findings underscore the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to PD care, targeting both motor and non-motor symptoms to enhance long-term outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14020498","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]],"date-time":"2025-01-14T06:13:07Z","timestamp":1736835187000},"page":"498","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Twenty-Three-Year Mortality in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Population-Based Prospective Study (NEDICES)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Carla","family":"Benito-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Alfonso X el Sabio University, 28691 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F\u00e9lix","family":"Bermejo-Pareja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6359-5097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1ngel","family":"Berbel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Alfonso X el Sabio University, 28691 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Hospital Central de la Cruz Roja, 28003 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Lape\u00f1a-Motilva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, 28041 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1769-4809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juli\u00e1n","family":"Benito-Le\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, 28041 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2014.01.004","article-title":"Ageing and Parkinson\u2019s disease: Why is advancing age the biggest risk factor?","volume":"14","author":"Reeve","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ageing Res. 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