{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T13:25:14Z","timestamp":1788787514139,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":144,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]],"date-time":"2025-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Research Foundation Projekt","award":["512648189"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["512648189"]}]},{"name":"Open Access Publication Fund of the Thueringer Universitaets- und Landesbibliothek Jena","award":["512648189"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["512648189"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Post\/Long COVID (syndrome) is defined as a condition with symptoms persisting for more than 12 weeks after the onset of SARS-CoV-2 infection that cannot be explained otherwise. The prevalence of self-reported otorhinolaryngological Post\/Long COVID symptoms is high. The aim of this review was to analyze the current literature regarding the actual prevalence, knowledge of the etiopathology, and evidence-based treatment recommendations of otorhinolaryngology-related Post\/Long COVID symptoms. A systematic literature search of articles published since 2019 in PubMed and ScienceDirect was performed and resulted in 108 articles. These were the basis for this review and formed a comprehensive series of consented therapy statements on the most important of otorhinolaryngology-related Post\/Long COVID symptoms. Otorhinolaryngological symptoms did not appear isolated but as part of a multi-organ syndrome. Self-reported otorhinolaryngology-related Post\/Long COVID symptoms were often not confirmed by objective testing. The confirmed prevalence estimated for anosmia, dysgeusia, cough, facial palsy, hoarseness\/dysphonia, acute hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo\/dizziness was about 4%, 2%, 4\u201319%, 0%, 17\u201320%, 8%, 20%, and 5\u201326%, respectively. There are manifold theoretical concepts of the etiopathology of different symptoms, but there is no clear evidence-based proof. This certainly contributes to the fact that there is no effective specific treatment option for any of the symptoms mentioned. Healthcare pathways must be established so that otorhinolaryngological Post\/Long COVID symptoms can be recognized and evaluated and otorhinolaryngologists can provide counseling. This would also help to establish and selectively include patients in clinical trials investigating specific therapeutic concepts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14020506","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]],"date-time":"2025-01-14T11:28:31Z","timestamp":1736854111000},"page":"506","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Post COVID-19 and Long COVID Symptoms in Otorhinolaryngology\u2014A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9671-0784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Orlando","family":"Guntinas-Lichius","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Bitter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Takes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6283-978X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor H. F.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong"},{"name":"Clinical Oncology Center, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518053, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4972-1477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nabil F.","family":"Saba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0451-2404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antti A.","family":"M\u00e4kitie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Program in Systems Oncology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, FI-00029 HUS Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0481-156X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luiz P.","family":"Kowalski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, S\u00e3o Paulo 01509-010, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of S\u00e3o Paulo Medical School, S\u00e3o Paulo 05403-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iain J.","family":"Nixon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh EH1 3EG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8247-8002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfio","family":"Ferlito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Head and Neck Scientific Group, 35100 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01136-X","article-title":"Long COVID: A clinical update","volume":"404","author":"Greenhalgh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2148","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03173-6","article-title":"Long COVID science, research and policy","volume":"30","author":"Davis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. 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