{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T04:29:52Z","timestamp":1789273792861,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Wroclaw Medical University","award":["SUBZ.A220.23.019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUBZ.A220.23.019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Allergic diseases commonly coexist, manifesting in a sequence described as the \u201callergic march\u201d. Background\/Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate TSLP\u2019s and IL-1\u03b2\u2019s potential as biomarkers in both single and multi-pediatric atopic diseases like atopic eczema, food allergy, and anaphylaxis and analyze specific SNPs in the TSLP and IL-1\u03b2 genes to determine their associations with their occurrence and severity. Methods: This analysis included 109 atopic children diagnosed with atopic dermatitis, food allergy, or anaphylaxis alongside a control group of 57 non-atopic children. Recruitment was facilitated through the use of a comprehensive questionnaire. For the study population, the allergen profile was characterized at the molecular level by measuring specific IgE to purified natural or recombinant allergens, assessing serum levels of circulating TSLP and IL-1\u03b2, and identifying single-nucleotide polymorphisms in TSLP (rs2289277) and IL-1\u03b2 (rs16944 C-511T). Results: The serum levels of TSLP and IL-1\u03b2 were elevated in the study groups compared to the control group, highlighting their significance in the pathogenesis of the studied diseases. Carrying a higher number of the risk allele [C] in the TSLP SNP rs2289277 is associated with the greatest likelihood of having multiple concurrent allergic conditions, with the highest risk observed in individuals with all three conditions\u2014atopic dermatitis, food allergy, and anaphylaxis, simultaneously. Moreover, children carrying the risk allele had a twofold increased risk of polysensitization, which rose to sixfold in those with two copies of the risk allele. Although no significant variations in genotype frequencies were detected for IL-1\u03b2 rs16944, significant associations were observed for TSLP rs2289277, particularly with conditions such as atopic dermatitis, food allergy, anaphylaxis, and combinations of these diseases. Conclusions: Further research is required to elucidate these pathways and their role in the development of allergic diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14020598","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T11:24:56Z","timestamp":1737113096000},"page":"598","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Role of TSLP and IL-1 \u03b2 and Their Genetic Variants in the Pathogenesis of Single and Multiple Atopic Diseases in Children"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Hanna","family":"Sikorska-Szaflik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department and Clinic of Paediatrics, Allergology and Cardiology, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Cha\u0142ubi\u0144skiego 2a, 50-368 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"D\u0119bi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department and Clinic of Paediatrics, Allergology and Cardiology, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Cha\u0142ubi\u0144skiego 2a, 50-368 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Po\u0142omska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department and Clinic of Paediatrics, Allergology and Cardiology, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Cha\u0142ubi\u0144skiego 2a, 50-368 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Drabik-Chamerska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department and Clinic of Paediatrics, Allergology and Cardiology, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Cha\u0142ubi\u0144skiego 2a, 50-368 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9161-706X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Soza\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department and Clinic of Paediatrics, Allergology and Cardiology, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Cha\u0142ubi\u0144skiego 2a, 50-368 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5114\/ada.2022.119009","article-title":"The increase in allergic conditions based on a review of literature","volume":"40","year":"2023","journal-title":"Postepy Dermatol. Allergol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.19580","article-title":"The global burden of atopic dermatitis: Lessons from the Global Burden of Disease Study 1990\u20132017","volume":"184","author":"Laughter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lugovi\u0107-Mihi\u0107, L., Me\u0161trovi\u0107-\u0160tefekov, J., Poto\u010dnjak, I., Cindri\u0107, T., Ili\u0107, I., Lovri\u0107, I., Skalicki, L., Be\u0161li\u0107, I., and Pondeljak, N. (2023). Atopic dermatitis: Disease features, therapeutic options, and a multidisciplinary approach. Life, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/life13061419"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.10.049","article-title":"Does atopic dermatitis cause food allergy? A systematic review","volume":"137","author":"Tsakok","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2019.11.040","article-title":"Risk factors for hen\u2019s egg allergy in Europe: EuroPrevall birth cohort","volume":"8","author":"Grimshaw","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.2147\/JAA.S162456","article-title":"Food allergy and anaphylaxis","volume":"11","author":"Yue","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Asthma Allergy"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1241","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.1241","article-title":"TSLP-targeting therapy: Beyond allergy?","volume":"13","author":"Leonard","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.07.010","article-title":"Thymic stromal lymphopoietin and allergic disease","volume":"130","author":"Ziegler","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12621","article-title":"Overview of the IL-1 family in innate inflammation and acquired immunity","volume":"281","author":"Dinarello","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxg054","article-title":"IL-1 is required for allergen-specific Th2 cell activation and the development of airway hypersensitivity response","volume":"15","author":"Nakae","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s13223-019-0368-8","article-title":"Serum IL-1\u03b2 can be a biomarker in children with severe persistent allergic rhinitis","volume":"15","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321ra8","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aad4322","article-title":"Cord blood monocyte\u2013derived inflammatory cytokines suppress IL-2 and induce nonclassic \u201cTH2-type\u201d immunity associated with development of food allergy","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.06.009","article-title":"\u201cInflammatory skin march\u201d: IL-1-mediated skin inflammation, atopic dermatitis, and psoriasis to cardiovascular events","volume":"136","author":"Yamanaka","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2021.05.033","article-title":"TSLP disease-associated genetic variants combined with airway TSLP expression influence asthma risk","volume":"149","author":"Murrison","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7697699","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/7697699","article-title":"The role of TSLP in atopic dermatitis: From pathogenetic molecule to therapeutical target","volume":"2023","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"741313","article-title":"The IL1B-511 polymorphism (rs16944 AA genotype) is increased in aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease in Mexican population","volume":"2012","author":"Camarena","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"109","article-title":"Genome-wide association study for pollinosis identified two novel loci in interleukin (IL)-1B in a Japanese population","volume":"80","author":"Fujii","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nagoya J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555924447","article-title":"Diagnostic features of atopic dermatitis","volume":"92","author":"Hanifin","year":"1980","journal-title":"Acta Derm.-Venereol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.10.008","article-title":"Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Food Allergy in the United States: Summary of the NIAID-Sponsored Expert Panel Report","volume":"126","author":"Boyce","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4129","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-023-01147-5","article-title":"Serum thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) levels in atopic dermatitis patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2008.00518.x","article-title":"Serum thymic stromal lymphopoietin levels are not elevated in patients with atopic dermatitis","volume":"35","author":"Nakamura","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2019.11.047","article-title":"Progression of acute-to-chronic atopic dermatitis is associated with quantitative rather than qualitative changes in cytokine responses","volume":"145","author":"Tsoi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2023.11.020","article-title":"Diversity of atopic dermatitis and selection of immune targets","volume":"132","author":"Bar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy, Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2018.07.010","article-title":"Cytokines concentrations in serum samples from allergic children\u2014Multiple analysis to define biomarkers for better diagnosis of allergic inflammatory process","volume":"223","author":"Kordulewska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Packi, K., Matysiak, J., Klimczak, S., Matuszewska, E., Br\u0119borowicz, A., Pietkiewicz, D., and Matysiak, J. (2022). Analysis of the serum profile of cytokines involved in the T-helper cell type 17 immune response pathway in atopic children with food allergy. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19137877"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aller.2012.09.005","article-title":"Association of single nucleotide polymorphisms of interleukin-1 family with atopic dermatitis","volume":"42","author":"Behniafard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Allergol. Immunopathol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/2\/598\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:31:11Z","timestamp":1759919471000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/2\/598"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm14020598"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14020598","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]}}}