{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T22:36:42Z","timestamp":1775860602936,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,18]],"date-time":"2025-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is an uncommon condition defined by the compression of neurovascular structures within the thoracic outlet. When conservative management strategies fail to alleviate symptoms, surgical decompression becomes necessary. The purpose of this study is to evaluate and compare the efficacy and safety of regional anesthesia (RA) using spontaneous breathing in contrast to general anesthesia (GA) for patients undergoing surgical intervention for TOS. Methods: We conducted a retrospective comparative study involving 68 patients who underwent trans-axillary first rib resection for TOS. The patient cohort was divided into two groups: 29 patients in the GA group and 39 patients in the RA group. The RA technique employed consisted of supraclavicular brachial plexus (SBP) and pectoral nerve (PECS II) blocks, accompanied by deep sedation. Key outcome measures such as pain scores, opioid consumption, and various perioperative parameters were systematically analyzed. Results: Postoperative pain levels recorded in the recovery room were significantly lower in the RA group, with a median numerical rating scale (NRS) score of zero compared to two in the GA group (p = 0.0443). Additionally, both intraoperative and postoperative opioid consumption showed a marked reduction in the RA group, with p-values of less than 0.001 and 0.0418, respectively. The RA approach was associated with shorter surgical durations (p = 0.0008), a decrease in the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) (p = 0.0312), and a lower occurrence of intraoperative lung injuries (p &lt; 0.0001). Furthermore, the length of hospital stay was significantly reduced for patients in the RA group. Conclusions: Although both groups reported low postoperative pain scores, the regional anesthesia approach exhibited distinct advantages in terms of opioid consumption, surgical duration, and overall perioperative outcomes. The utilization of SBP and PECS II blocks facilitated surgical procedures and mitigated complications, thereby positively influencing the postoperative recovery trajectory. Future prospective studies are essential to validate these findings further and to investigate long-term outcomes associated with the use of regional anesthesia in TOS surgery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14020601","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T10:32:15Z","timestamp":1737369135000},"page":"601","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Regional Anesthesia with Spontaneous Breathing for Trans-Axillary Surgery in Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: A Retrospective Comparative Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Francesco","family":"Stilo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vascular Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200-00128 Roma, Italy"},{"name":"Research Unit of Vascular Surgery, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21-00128 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3505-1153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Strumia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Operative Research Unit of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200-00128 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Catanese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vascular Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200-00128 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0983-7045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nunzio","family":"Montelione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vascular Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200-00128 Roma, Italy"},{"name":"Research Unit of Vascular Surgery, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21-00128 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eleonora","family":"Tomaselli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Operative Research Unit of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200-00128 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5076-3693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Pascarella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Operative Research Unit of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200-00128 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2519-9904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Operative Research Unit of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200-00128 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9488-288X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Ciolli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Vascular Surgery, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21-00128 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5862-4612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ferdinando","family":"Longo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Operative Research Unit of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200-00128 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7571-6121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessia","family":"Mattei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Operative Research Unit of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200-00128 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2168-9017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Schiavoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Operative Research Unit of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200-00128 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8319-9662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Ruggiero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21-00128 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco Alberto","family":"Codispoti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vascular Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200-00128 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Paolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Vascular Surgery, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21-00128 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felice Eugenio","family":"Agr\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Operative Research Unit of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200-00128 Roma, Italy"},{"name":"Research Unit of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21-00128 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Spinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vascular Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200-00128 Roma, Italy"},{"name":"Research Unit of Vascular Surgery, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21-00128 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Carassiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Operative Research Unit of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200-00128 Roma, Italy"},{"name":"Research Unit of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21-00128 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5821-6133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Cataldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Operative Research Unit of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200-00128 Roma, Italy"},{"name":"Research Unit of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del 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Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesthesia"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/2\/601\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:31:13Z","timestamp":1759919473000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/2\/601"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,18]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm14020601"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14020601","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,18]]}}}