{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:39:53Z","timestamp":1759970393975,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,19]],"date-time":"2025-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Tennessee CEAL","award":["6793-02-S011","1OT2HL156812-01","19-312-0217571-66101L","U54MD007586-01","3U54MD007586-34S1","U54MD007586","2P30 AI110527"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6793-02-S011","1OT2HL156812-01","19-312-0217571-66101L","U54MD007586-01","3U54MD007586-34S1","U54MD007586","2P30 AI110527"]}]},{"name":"NHLBI","award":["6793-02-S011","1OT2HL156812-01","19-312-0217571-66101L","U54MD007586-01","3U54MD007586-34S1","U54MD007586","2P30 AI110527"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6793-02-S011","1OT2HL156812-01","19-312-0217571-66101L","U54MD007586-01","3U54MD007586-34S1","U54MD007586","2P30 AI110527"]}]},{"name":"Research Centers in Minority Institutions (RCMI) program","award":["6793-02-S011","1OT2HL156812-01","19-312-0217571-66101L","U54MD007586-01","3U54MD007586-34S1","U54MD007586","2P30 AI110527"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6793-02-S011","1OT2HL156812-01","19-312-0217571-66101L","U54MD007586-01","3U54MD007586-34S1","U54MD007586","2P30 AI110527"]}]},{"name":"RCMI","award":["6793-02-S011","1OT2HL156812-01","19-312-0217571-66101L","U54MD007586-01","3U54MD007586-34S1","U54MD007586","2P30 AI110527"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6793-02-S011","1OT2HL156812-01","19-312-0217571-66101L","U54MD007586-01","3U54MD007586-34S1","U54MD007586","2P30 AI110527"]}]},{"name":"TN-CFAR","award":["6793-02-S011","1OT2HL156812-01","19-312-0217571-66101L","U54MD007586-01","3U54MD007586-34S1","U54MD007586","2P30 AI110527"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6793-02-S011","1OT2HL156812-01","19-312-0217571-66101L","U54MD007586-01","3U54MD007586-34S1","U54MD007586","2P30 AI110527"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) and related dementias (ADRD) disproportionately impact racial and ethnic minorities. Contributing biological factors that explain this disparity have been elusive. Moreover, non-invasive biomarkers for early detection of AD are needed. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), a vasoconstrictive factor linked to cerebral vascular disease pathology and neuronal injury, could provide insights to better understand racial disparities in AD. As a potent vasoconstrictive peptide that regulates contractions in smooth muscle, endothelial cells, and pericytes, ET-1 may result in cerebral vascular constriction, leading to cerebral hypoperfusion; over time, this may result in neuronal injury, contributing to the pathology of AD. The role of the ET-1 system as a driver of ethnic disparities in AD requires further investigation. In the United States (U.S.), ET-1 dysregulation in Hispanic\/Latinx (H\/L) ethnic populations has largely been unexplored. Genetics linking ET-1 dysregulation and racial disparities in AD also require further investigation. In this study, we examined the role of the ET-1 protein in human plasma as a potential biomarker with predictive value for correlating with the development of AD by age, race, and sex. Methods: We examined ET-1 protein levels using quantitative mass spectrometry in AA and NHW patients with AD, along with controls. Results: A partial correlation between age at draw and ET-1, stratified by race and sex, while controlling for AD status, was significant for female AAs (r = 0.385, p = 0.016). When the data were not stratified but controlled for AD status, the partial correlation between age at draw and ET-1 was not significant (r = 0.108, p = 0.259). Conclusions: Based on the small number of plasma specimens and no plasma specimens from H\/L individuals with AD, we conclude that ET-1 was clearly not a significant factor in predicting AD in this study and will require a larger scale study for validation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14020635","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T12:32:52Z","timestamp":1737376372000},"page":"635","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Plasma Endothelin-1 Levels: Non-Predictors of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Reveal Age Correlation in African American Women"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Irene A.","family":"Zagol-Ikapitte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Proteomics Laboratory, Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1631-5264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad A.","family":"Tabatabai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Global Health, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0507-0548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Derek M.","family":"Wilus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Global Health, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donald J.","family":"Alcendor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37208, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.8b00138","article-title":"Development of multifunctional molecules as potential therapeutic candidates for Alzheimer\u2019s disease, Parkinson\u2019s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in the last decade","volume":"119","author":"Savelieff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. 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